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1001PSY Semester 1 > MidTerms > Flashcards

MidTerms Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the two early schools of psychology?

A

Structuralism and Functionalism

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2
Q

Who came up with the idea of Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

Who came up with the idea of Functionalism?

A

William James

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4
Q

What is Structuralism?

A
  • divides the mind up into segmented structures and described these
  • established psychology as a separate discipline
  • psychology is the scientific study of the conscious experience
  • investigated vision, touch, hearing, taste, attention and emotion
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5
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

consciousness cannot be broken into its individual components
consciousness consists of a flow of thoughts, stream of consciousness in interaction with environment
- patterns of development during childhood
- behavioural differences between males and females

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6
Q

Psychodynamic - Who came up with it and what is it? How is it tested?

A

Sigmund Freud - focuses on the unconscious mind. The ice burg metaphor. It is tested by case studies of patients, reflection one’s owns inner thoughts - dreams, fantasies, slips of tongue

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7
Q

Behaviourism - Who came up with it and what is it? How is it tested?

A

B. F Skinner + James Watson -behaviour is learned by its environment. Only to do with “nurture”, stimulus from the environment went into the black box and a response (the behaviour) came out. It is tested by experimentation on humans and animals - classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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8
Q

Humanistic - Who came up with it and what is it? How is it tested?

A

Carl Rodgers + Abraham Maslow - people are innately good and will strive to reach their goals and ambitions. It is tested by a person centered perspective - therapeutic approach (counselling)

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9
Q

Cognitive - Who came up with it and what is it? How is it tested?

A

Piaget - cognitive development. Miller - Memory.
Chomsky - Language.
Newll, Shaw and Simon - Problem Solving
Cognitive process oncides memory, reasonsing, decision making, thoughts etc. The brain is like a computer. It is tested by Human experimentation and cognitive neuroscience (brain damage and effect on cognition)

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10
Q

Evolutionary - Who came up with it and what is it? How is it tested?

A

Charles Darwin - Human behaviors evolved because they helped our ancestors. Some behaviours are biologically determined (impulse to eat, sex)

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11
Q

What is the Scientific Approach

A

Assumes events are governed by some lawful order. Psychology research seeks to identify the laws, principles, or consistencies governing behaviour

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12
Q

Advantages to the Scientific Approach

A

Clarity and Precision and Intolerant of Error

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13
Q

Goals of the Scientific Approach

A

Description - Understand what we have and summarize data in a way that makes the events and relationship between them easily understandable
Prediction - Being able to predict based on previous research
Understanding - why is something happening and What is the underlying factor?

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14
Q

The Scientific Method

A 
Theory 
Hypothesis 
Test 
Evidence
Conclusion
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15
Q

6 Steps in an Experiment

A
  1. Framing a hypothesis
  2. Operationalizing variables
  3. Developing a standardised procedure
  4. Selecting and assigning participants
  5. Applying statistical techniques to the data
  6. Drawing conclusions
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16
Q

Variable

A

Independent and dependent

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17
Q

Continuous Varibale

A

Has a continuum of possible values and varies across this range (colours)

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18
Q

Categorical Variable

A

Can take on fixed values (make of car)

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19
Q

Basic Concepts in emperical Research

A

Population:
- the group of people that a researcher is interested in
- representative sample
- typically study samples
Generalisability:
- Internal Sample (procedures are flawed or not)
- External Validity (does it resemble what would happen in the real world?)

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20
Q

Types of Research methods

A 
Descriptive
- concerned with describing behaviour
Correctional designs
- concerned with predicting behaviour
Experimental Designs
- concerned with establishing the causes of behaviour
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21
Q

Variations in Experimental Designs

A

Independent Group Designs (between subjects)
Within Subjects (repeated measures)
Multiple IVs in same experiment
Multiple DVs in same experiment

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22
Q

Descriptive Stats

A

used to organise and summarise

- measures of central tendency

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23
Q

Inferential Stats

A

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions. tells us if the hypothesis was supported or not. p<0.05 = statistical significance

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24
Q

Problems with stats

A 
Extraneous variables (stuff other than the IV that might influence the DV - age, gender?)
Confounding (when 2 variables are linked together so it makes it difficult what actually impacted the DV)
Random Assignment of Participants
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25
Q

Advantages of experimental research

A

cause-effect relationships

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26
Q

Limitations of experimental research

A

some experiments are artificial

- manipulations of some variables is not ethical, difficult or impossible

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27
Q

descriptive research + disadvantages

A

case studies, naturalistic observation, survey research. Good generalizability + observation can alter behaviour and cannot establish the cause of behaviour

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28
Q

survey technique + disadvantages

A

questionnaires and interviews + sampling issues and ppl may not respond accurately

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29
Q

correlational research

A 
used when variables cannot be manipulated
correlation coefficient (r) indicates strength. CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION
30
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord)

31
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

32
Q

3 types of Neurons

A

Sensory - Afferent
Motor - Efferent
Interneurons - nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons

33
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron

A 
Dendrites
Soma (Cell Body)
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Axon Terminal
Synapse
Pre Synaptic Neuron
Post Synaptic Neuron
Synaptic Vesicles 
Synaptic Cleft
Neurotransmitters 
Node of Ranvier
34
Q

Steps to Action Potential

A
  1. The neuron is at rest, there are more sodium ions outside the cell compared to the potassium ions inside
  2. Sodium-Potassium pumps out 3 sodium ions and in 2 potassium ions to maintain the resting potential
  3. A stimulus causes the cell to depolarise past the threshold of excitement, causing sodium ions channel to open
  4. Sodium ions rush in, cell depolarises
  5. Action Potential is triggered and travels down the axon as the membrane of the axon depolarizes and repolarizes at each spot on the axon
  6. The action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, where they bind with receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
  7. If a threshold is reached, the post-synaptic neuron is depolarized
35
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • triggers muscle contraction
    involved in wakefulness, anger, thirst, aggression

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

36
Q

Dopamine

A

-controlling movement
- moderates mood
positive reinforcement

PARKINSON’S DISEASE (rigidity)

37
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • motor control, vision
  • regulates anxiety

USED TO TREAT EPILEPSY AND HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

38
Q

Glutamate

A
  • major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • associated with learning and memory

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (memory impairment)

39
Q

Serotonin

A

-various functions like regulating body temp, sleep, mood, appetite, pain

SUICIDE, DEPRESSION, IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR

40
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

A

important for attentiveness

  • emotions
  • sleeping
  • dreaming
  • learning

Released as a hormone in the blood and causes heart rate to increase

MANIC DEPRESSION

41
Q

Invasive Methods of Studying Brain Structure

A

Autopsies and brain dissection

Neural Staining

42
Q

Non-Invasive Methods of Studying Brain Structure

A 
MRI
-excellent spatial resolution
-lesions
-strokes
DTI
-coloured shit
43
Q

Non-Invasive Methods of Studying Brain Functions

A

EEG
-excellent temporal resolution (milliseconds)
fMRI
-poor temporal resolution (seconds)
MEG
-similar to EEG
-uses magnetic rather than electrical signals

44
Q

Invasive Methods of Studying Brain Structure

A

Lesions
Single cell recording
Possibly TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - sends a magnetic pulse through the scalp into the brain

45
Q

Nervous System

A

PNS and CNS

46
Q

PNS

A

Somatic (conveys sensory information to the central nervous system) AFFERENT AND EFFERENT and Autonomic (serves basic life functions like breathing)

47
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic (readies the body for a threat) and Parasympathetic (clams the body down)

48
Q

CNS

A

Spinal Cord (receives sensory input - sends info to the brain) and Brain (directs psychological activity - processes information)

49
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Speech, Reading, Language, Sounds, Complex Movement

50
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Emotional Content, Direction, Distance, Nonverbal Memory, Face and Patterns, Left Visual Field

51
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

Communicates between the two hemispheres

52
Q

Split Brain Patients

A

Left Hemisphere dominant for language

Right Hemisphere can draw the object

53
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

Anton Banbinski - sufferers are blind but they are adamant that they can see

54
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Processes touch
Egocentric space
-neglect happens when there is damage to the right parietal lobe (ppl do not pay attention to the left side of their world)
Visual attention and information

55
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processes auditory information
Speech and Language
Symptoms of damage: impaired long term memory, language comprehension, altered personality

56
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

High order tasks like social skills and abstract thinking

57
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Cognitive control: orchestrate thought and actions in accordance with internal goals

58
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Left Frontal Lobe

Speech Production: difficulty putting together grammatical sentences

59
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Left Temporal Lobe

Language Comprehension: word salad

60
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla and Reticular Formation

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for balance and coordination

62
Q

Medulla

A

Unconscious but vital bodily functions like breathing and blood flow

63
Q

Reticular formation

A

involved in consciousness and arousal

64
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum and Tegmentum

65
Q

Tectum

A

Visual and Auditory stimuli

66
Q

Tegmentum

A

movement and arousal - learning consequences

67
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, subcortical structures of the cerebrum (limbic system), cerebral cortex (4 lobes)

68
Q

Thalamus

A

receives and sends all sensory information to the relevant areas of the brain

69
Q

Hypothalamus

A

helps regulate behaviour like eating, sleeping, sexual activity and emotional experience

70
Q

Limbic System

A

Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala and Mammillary Body

71
Q

Hippocampus

A

Storage of long term memories

72
Q

Amygdala

A

processing emotions

1001PSY Semester 1 (1 decks)

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