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SOC114 > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Any discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects

A

Social Science

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2
Q

Collective term of branches of knowledge that concern themselves with human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself

A

Humanities

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3
Q

A branch of science that deals with the physical world

A

Physical Science

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4
Q

Other term for The Scientific Method

A

Hypothetico-Deductive Model

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5
Q

The study of mankind

A

Anthropology

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6
Q

Meaning of the words “Anthropos” and “logo”

A

Human, word

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7
Q

ENUMERATION:

Two branches of Anthropology

A

Physical Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

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8
Q

The discipline that concentrates on how a particular society solves its problem of scarcity of resources

A

Economics

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9
Q

Meaning of the words “oikos” and “nomos”

A

House, custom/law

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10
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of Economics

A

Microeconomics

Macroeconomics

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11
Q

The study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet

A

Geography

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12
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of Geography

A

Human Geography

Physical Geography

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13
Q

Branches of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and events that happened in the past

A

History

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14
Q

Meaning of Greek word “historia”

A

Inquiry

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15
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of history

A 
Social History
Cultural History
Political History
Economic History
Diplomatic History
Military History
History of Religion
History of Women
Environmental History
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16
Q

Field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of human behavior and capacity

A

Linguistics

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17
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of Linguistics

A

General Linguistics
Macro Linguistics
Micro Linguistics

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18
Q

The study of politics; the science which concerns the institutionalization of human politics

A

Political Science

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19
Q

Meaning of the Greek word “polis”

A

City-states

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20
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of Political Science

A 
Comparative Politics
International Relations
Public Administration 
Political Philosophy
Political Economy
Public Law
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21
Q

The field of study dealing with the systematic study of human interaction

A

Sociology

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22
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of Sociology

A

General Sociology

Special Sociology

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23
Q

It deals with the nature of human behaviors, and both internal and external factors that afgects behavior.

A

Psychology

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24
Q

ENUMERATION: Branches of Psychology

A

Abnormal Psychology, Behavioral Psychology, Biopsychology, Cognitive Psychology, Comparative Psychology, Comparative Psychology, Cross-cultural Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Educational Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Health Psychology, Personality Psychology, Social Psychology

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25
Q

The science and statistical study of human population

A

Demography

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26
Q

It is a branch of philosophy that addresses the question of the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

A

Epistemology

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27
Q

This is about what we study that is, the object of investigation.

A

Ontology

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28
Q

The explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which arise.

A

Teleology

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29
Q

Understanding the essence or the science of action

A

Praxeology

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30
Q

The view that regards reason as chief source and test of knowledge

A

Rationalism

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31
Q

ENUMERATION: Proponents of Rationalism

A

Rene Descartes
Gottfried Leibniz
Baruch Spinoza

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32
Q

Literally means “before knowledge” or “from the earlier”

A

A priori

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33
Q

Famous for his “Cogito ergo sum” or “I think, therefore, I am”

A

Rene Descartes

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34
Q

ENUMERATION: Theses of Rationalism

A

Deductive Nomological Theory
The Innate Knowledge Thesis
The Innate Concept Thesis

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35
Q

Theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience

A

Empiricism

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36
Q

Proponents of Empiricism

A

John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume

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37
Q

Literally means “from the later”

A

A posteriori

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38
Q

ENUMERATION: Theses of Empiricism

A

John Locke: Tabula Rasa
George Berkeley: Subjective Idealism
David Hume: Causality Argument

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39
Q

It contends that most philosophical topics are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

A

Pragmatism

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40
Q

It is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are results of material interactions

A

Materialism

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41
Q

A philosophical theory stating that certain knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations developed by Auguste Comte

A

Positivism

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42
Q

They rejected metaphysical speculation and attempted to reduce statements and propositions to pure logic.

A

Logical Positivists or Neopositivists

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43
Q

ENUMERATION: Three Ages according to Comte

A

Theological Age
Metaphysical Age
Positivist Age

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44
Q

ENUMERATION: Three Beliefs during Theological Age

A

Fetishism
Polytheism
Monotheism

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45
Q

Understanding events by discovering the meanings human being attribute to their behavior and the external world

A

Qualitative Research

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46
Q

Seeks explanations for social outcomes but does not expect to derive these from universal rules.

A

Quantitative Research

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47
Q

Understand meaning through explanations of vice versa

A

Mixed Research

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48
Q

A Tunisian that ascertained the idea of asabiyyah in his work Kitab al-‘Ibar (soecifically in Muqadimah)

A

Ibn Khaldun

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49
Q

Meaning of asabiyyah

A

Social solidarity

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50
Q

A Scottish and a member of Select Society of Edinburgh along with Smith and Hume but criticized capitalism and commercialism. He emphasized the need of fellow feeling.

A

Adam Ferguson

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51
Q

A French that attempted to achieve social order and used science as mechanism to make social order.

A

Henri de Saint-Simon

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52
Q

A student of Saint-Simon established the idea of Positivism, using science as a way to understand society

A

Auguste Comte

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53
Q

Auguste Comte initially called Sociology __________________

A

Social Physics

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54
Q

Two social classes according to Karl Marx in Conflict Theory

A

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

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55
Q

What do the bourgeoisie control?

A

Means of production

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56
Q

The only thing the proletariat have

A

Labor

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57
Q

Term for the bourgeoisie’s exploitation against the proletariat

A

Alienation

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58
Q

This is necessary for the proletariat’s own collective good

A

Group consciousness

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59
Q

ENUMERATION: Five Historical Epochs according to Marx (and the conflicting classes)

A

Early Human History (Classless Society)
The Ancient World (Social Elite over Slaves)
Feudalism (Aristocratic Elite over Peasants)
Capitalism (Bourgeoisie and Proletariat)
The End of History (Classless Society-Dictatorship of Proletariat)

60
Q

Proponent of Structural-Functionalist Perspective

A

Emil Durkheim

61
Q

Epistemology of Structural-Functionalist Perspective

A

Solidarity

62
Q

A philosopher inspired from Darwin’s theory and used the same in understanding society. He stipulated that society is like a man, an evolving organism with functioning parts serving various purpose.

A

Herbert Spencer

63
Q

Emil Durkheim described how society works in this premise by writing this book.

A

The Division of Social Labour

64
Q

The realities external to the individual, according to Durkheim

A

Social Facts

65
Q

ENUMERATION: Two Societies according to Durkheim

A

Pre-Modern

Modern

66
Q

Pre-Modern Societies work under ________________. People have similar values and beliefs making them create a collective norm which will be executed through Retributive Law.

A

Mechanical Solidarity or Collective Consciousness

67
Q

Modern Societies work under Organic Solidarity or Interdependence. Interdependence will be upheld through _________________.

A

Restitutive Law

68
Q

Also known as social immigration, the reason why pre-modern society evolved to modern society, as people tend to look for more opportunities

A

Dynamic Density

69
Q

Proponent of Symbolic Interactionism

A

Max Weber

70
Q

The modernity of society, under symbolic interactionism, was based on increase of people’s _________________

A

Ideas

71
Q

ENUMERATION: Tenants of Rationality

A

Calculability
Methodological Behavior
Reflective/Reflexive

72
Q

Weber’s explanation on how capitalists engage to businesses not because they just want wealth but rather they want to work hard or develop society/skills

A

The Spirit of Capitalism

73
Q

Considered as foundation to capitalism

A

Protestantism

74
Q

The peak of rationalization, the result of Industrialization and to Modern society.

A

Bureaucracy

75
Q

Also known as dehumanization, little scope for personal initiative and creativity

A

Disenchantment

76
Q

Considering that people have the ideal, the people will tend to do such action in the society

A

Social Action

77
Q

ENUMERATION: Four Idealtypes of Social Action according to Weber

A

Goal-Oriented
Value-Rational
Affective
Traditional

78
Q

ENUMERATION: Three Ideal Political Leaders according to Weber

A

Legal-rational (Bureaucratic)
Charismatic
Traditional

79
Q

ENUMERATION: Social Stratification according to Weber

A

Social Classes
Political Parties
Status Groups

80
Q

He explained the idea that the development of the person was a social process. He said that humans assign meaning to determine next course of action.

A

George Herbert Mead

81
Q

ENUMERATION: Three Tenants of Herbert Blumer

A
  1. Action depends on meaning we put to them
  2. People have different meaning to things
  3. Meanings we gave may change
82
Q

He introduced a course on criminology at the University of Santo Tomas, using a social philosophical approach.

A

Fr. Valentin Marin

83
Q

In 1957, CDRC was created to conduct or support social science researchers. What is the meaning of CDRC?

A

Community Development Research Council

84
Q

In 1960, the Institution of Philippine Culture (IPC) was founded at Ateneo de Manila University by _________________

A

Fr. Frank Lynch, S.J.

85
Q

In 1968, it was formed to improve the quality and relevance of social sciences

A

Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC)

86
Q

Ideas that present the universe as an orderly system, including answers to those basic questions about the place of humankind in the universe.

A

Cosmology

87
Q

ENUMERATION: Theories of Creationism

A

Catastrophism

Uniformitarianism

88
Q

Believes that humans were creation of God, according to Bible and/or the Judeo-Christian perspective

A

Creationism

89
Q

An Irish Catholic archbishop poised that the Genesis started 4000 years ago

A

Archbishop James Ussher

90
Q

He eventually started the scientific approach towards the Genesis

A

Carolus Linnaeus

91
Q

He suggested that many species had disappeared since the time of creation through catastrophes such as floods, earthquakes, or storms. What is this theory and who is the proponent?

A

Catastrophism, Georges Cuvier

92
Q

He proposed that the earth was gradually changing and suggested that the 6 days stated in the Bible was actually 6 epochs consisting thousands of years. What theory is this and who is the proponent?

A

Uniformitarianism and Comte Gorges Louis Leclerc de Buffon

93
Q

It understood human existence through evolution. Natural selection and Principle of Inheritance.

A

Theory of Evolution

94
Q

It refers to a process if gradual change within species over time. It was developed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.

A

Natural Selection

95
Q

With the understanding Darwin developed about variation, it was eventually established that these variations within population of plants and animals are associated with pattern of inheritance.

A

Principle of Inheritance

96
Q

He proposed that species change and adapt to their environment through physical characteristics acquired in the course of their lifetime. (Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics)

A

Baptiste de Lamarck

97
Q

The idea of gene which is a discrete unit of hereditary information that determined specific physical characteristics of things.

A

Genetics

98
Q

Developed the concept of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

99
Q

It is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

A

Culture

100
Q

Replaces or substitutes for the closed instincts for nonhuman animals

A

Culture

101
Q

Fixed, complex, genetically based, unlearned, species-specific behaviors that promote the survival of different species

A

Instincts

102
Q

ENUMERATION: Types of Learning Culture

A

Situational Learning
Social Learning
Symbolic Learning

103
Q

ENUMERATION: Aspects of Culture

A

Material Culture

Nonmaterial Culture

104
Q

The standards by which members of a society define what is good or bad, desirable or understandable, holy or unholy, beautiful or ugly.

A

Values

105
Q

Cultural conventions concerning true or false assumptions specific descriptions about the nature of the universe and humanity’s place in it

A

Beliefs

106
Q

Shared rules and guidelines define how people ought to behave under certain circumstances

A

Norms

107
Q

Consists of various beliefs and cosmologies about the reality

A

Worldview

108
Q

Consists of cultural symbols and beliefs that reflect and support the interests of specific groups within society

A

Ideology

109
Q

ENUMERATION: Types of Norms

A

Folkways

Mores

110
Q

ENUMERATION: Perspectives of Cultural Anthropology

A

Empiricism
Nativism
Interactionism

111
Q

John Locke: maintained his belief on Tabula Rasa or blank tablet.

A

Empiricism

112
Q

Immanuel Kant: asserting that many aspects of our behavior and perceptions are part of our natural endowment and do not depend on learning

A

Nativism

113
Q

Combination of both empiricism and nativism which explain human behavior and culture

A

Interactionism

114
Q

The practice of judging another society by the values and standards of your own society

A

Ethnocentrism

115
Q

The view that no cultural traditions are inherently superior or inferior

A

Cultural Revelatism

116
Q

The process of social interaction through which people learn their culture

A

Enculturation or Socialization

117
Q

Defined as the art and science of understanding and interpreting texts

A

Hermeneutic Phenomenology

118
Q

The bodies of ideas embedded in the written or spoken form of language

A

Texts

119
Q

Considered the founding father of phenomenology

A

Edmund Husserl

120
Q

A student and staunch follower of Husserl, built upon studying phenomenology as a study with a notion of being. Father of Hermeneutic Phenomenology.

A

Martin Heidegger

121
Q

ENUMERATION: Approaches in Studying Geography

A

Systematic
Regional
Descriptive
Analytical

122
Q

Studies the representation of the Earth’s surface with abstract symbols

A

Cartography

123
Q

He calculated the size of the Earth during the Classical Era

A

Erastosthenes

124
Q

He wrote the Geographica, one of the first books outlining the study of geography

A

Strabo

125
Q

He compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book Geographia

A

Claudius Ptolemy

126
Q

He produced the mercator projection

A

Gerardus Mercator

127
Q

He considered father of biogeography, published Cosmos

A

Alexander von Humboldt

128
Q

He is considered the father of modern geography, occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University

A

Carl Ritter

129
Q

An archaic conception of Earth’s shape as a plane or disk

A

Flat Earth Theory

130
Q

It has been defined by the geographers as the study of human’s economic activities under varying sets of conditions which is associated with production, location, distribution, etc.

A

Economic Geography

131
Q

The study of the effects of geography on the politics and international relations

A

Geopolitics

132
Q

A frequent commentator on world naval strategic and diplomatic affairs, believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea

A

Alfred Thayer Mahan

133
Q

He developed the concept of Lebensraum (living space) that is thought to be necessary to be the development of a nation like a favorable natural environment would be for animals.

A

Friedrich Ratzel

134
Q

He developed the Heartland concept showing the situation of the “pivot are” established in the Theory of the Heartland

A

Sir Halford Mackinder

135
Q

They argued to continue the US geopolitical focus on Eurasia and, particularly on Russia, despite the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War - THE Containment strategy

A

Henry Kissinger and Zbigneiew Brzezinski

136
Q

The study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline

A

Historiography

137
Q

Father of Historiography

A

Sima Quian

138
Q

It is a branch of philosophy concerning the eventual significance of human history

A

Philosophy of History

139
Q

First approached history with a well-developed historical method in his work the History of the Peloponnesian War. The father of History

A

Herodotus

140
Q

Regarded history as being the product if the choices and actions of human beings

A

Thucydides

141
Q

Father of Philosophy of History

A

Ibn Khaldun

142
Q

Views history through a sacred or religious perspective

A

St. Augustine

143
Q

He brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study

A

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

144
Q

He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom

A

Leopold von Ranke

145
Q

ENUMERATION: Eras in World History

A

Early Modern
Pre-Modern
Contemporary

SOC114 (3 decks)

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