MIDTERMS Flashcards
1
Q
Any discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects
A
Social Science
2
Q
Collective term of branches of knowledge that concern themselves with human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself
A
Humanities
3
Q
A branch of science that deals with the physical world
A
Physical Science
4
Q
Other term for The Scientific Method
A
Hypothetico-Deductive Model
5
Q
The study of mankind
A
Anthropology
6
Q
Meaning of the words “Anthropos” and “logo”
A
Human, word
7
Q
ENUMERATION:
Two branches of Anthropology
A
Physical Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
8
Q
The discipline that concentrates on how a particular society solves its problem of scarcity of resources
A
Economics
9
Q
Meaning of the words “oikos” and “nomos”
A
House, custom/law
10
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of Economics
A
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
11
Q
The study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet
A
Geography
12
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of Geography
A
Human Geography
Physical Geography
13
Q
Branches of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and events that happened in the past
A
History
14
Q
Meaning of Greek word “historia”
A
Inquiry
15
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of history
A
Social History Cultural History Political History Economic History Diplomatic History Military History History of Religion History of Women Environmental History
16
Q
Field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of human behavior and capacity
A
Linguistics
17
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of Linguistics
A
General Linguistics
Macro Linguistics
Micro Linguistics
18
Q
The study of politics; the science which concerns the institutionalization of human politics
A
Political Science
19
Q
Meaning of the Greek word “polis”
A
City-states
20
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of Political Science
A
Comparative Politics International Relations Public Administration Political Philosophy Political Economy Public Law
21
Q
The field of study dealing with the systematic study of human interaction
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Sociology
22
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of Sociology
A
General Sociology
Special Sociology
23
Q
It deals with the nature of human behaviors, and both internal and external factors that afgects behavior.
A
Psychology
24
Q
ENUMERATION: Branches of Psychology
A
Abnormal Psychology, Behavioral Psychology, Biopsychology, Cognitive Psychology, Comparative Psychology, Comparative Psychology, Cross-cultural Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Educational Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Health Psychology, Personality Psychology, Social Psychology
25
The science and statistical study of human population
Demography
26
It is a branch of philosophy that addresses the question of the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge
Epistemology
27
This is about what we study that is, the object of investigation.
Ontology
28
The explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which arise.
Teleology
29
Understanding the essence or the science of action
Praxeology
30
The view that regards reason as chief source and test of knowledge
Rationalism
31
ENUMERATION: Proponents of Rationalism
Rene Descartes
Gottfried Leibniz
Baruch Spinoza
32
Literally means “before knowledge” or “from the earlier”
A priori
33
Famous for his “Cogito ergo sum” or “I think, therefore, I am”
Rene Descartes
34
ENUMERATION: Theses of Rationalism
Deductive Nomological Theory
The Innate Knowledge Thesis
The Innate Concept Thesis
35
Theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
Empiricism
36
Proponents of Empiricism
John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume
37
Literally means “from the later”
A posteriori
38
ENUMERATION: Theses of Empiricism
John Locke: Tabula Rasa
George Berkeley: Subjective Idealism
David Hume: Causality Argument
39
It contends that most philosophical topics are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.
Pragmatism
40
It is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are results of material interactions
Materialism
41
A philosophical theory stating that certain knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations developed by Auguste Comte
Positivism
42
They rejected metaphysical speculation and attempted to reduce statements and propositions to pure logic.
Logical Positivists or Neopositivists
43
ENUMERATION: Three Ages according to Comte
Theological Age
Metaphysical Age
Positivist Age
44
ENUMERATION: Three Beliefs during Theological Age
Fetishism
Polytheism
Monotheism
45
Understanding events by discovering the meanings human being attribute to their behavior and the external world
Qualitative Research
46
Seeks explanations for social outcomes but does not expect to derive these from universal rules.
Quantitative Research
47
Understand meaning through explanations of vice versa
Mixed Research
48
A Tunisian that ascertained the idea of asabiyyah in his work Kitab al-‘Ibar (soecifically in Muqadimah)
Ibn Khaldun
49
Meaning of asabiyyah
Social solidarity
50
A Scottish and a member of Select Society of Edinburgh along with Smith and Hume but criticized capitalism and commercialism. He emphasized the need of fellow feeling.
Adam Ferguson
51
A French that attempted to achieve social order and used science as mechanism to make social order.
Henri de Saint-Simon
52
A student of Saint-Simon established the idea of Positivism, using science as a way to understand society
Auguste Comte
53
Auguste Comte initially called Sociology __________________
Social Physics
54
Two social classes according to Karl Marx in Conflict Theory
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
55
What do the bourgeoisie control?
Means of production
56
The only thing the proletariat have
Labor
57
Term for the bourgeoisie’s exploitation against the proletariat
Alienation
58
This is necessary for the proletariat’s own collective good
Group consciousness
59
ENUMERATION: Five Historical Epochs according to Marx (and the conflicting classes)
Early Human History (Classless Society)
The Ancient World (Social Elite over Slaves)
Feudalism (Aristocratic Elite over Peasants)
Capitalism (Bourgeoisie and Proletariat)
The End of History (Classless Society-Dictatorship of Proletariat)
60
Proponent of Structural-Functionalist Perspective
Emil Durkheim
61
Epistemology of Structural-Functionalist Perspective
Solidarity
62
A philosopher inspired from Darwin’s theory and used the same in understanding society. He stipulated that society is like a man, an evolving organism with functioning parts serving various purpose.
Herbert Spencer
63
Emil Durkheim described how society works in this premise by writing this book.
The Division of Social Labour
64
The realities external to the individual, according to Durkheim
Social Facts
65
ENUMERATION: Two Societies according to Durkheim
Pre-Modern
| Modern
66
Pre-Modern Societies work under ________________. People have similar values and beliefs making them create a collective norm which will be executed through Retributive Law.
Mechanical Solidarity or Collective Consciousness
67
Modern Societies work under Organic Solidarity or Interdependence. Interdependence will be upheld through _________________.
Restitutive Law
68
Also known as social immigration, the reason why pre-modern society evolved to modern society, as people tend to look for more opportunities
Dynamic Density
69
Proponent of Symbolic Interactionism
Max Weber
70
The modernity of society, under symbolic interactionism, was based on increase of people’s _________________
Ideas
71
ENUMERATION: Tenants of Rationality
Calculability
Methodological Behavior
Reflective/Reflexive
72
Weber’s explanation on how capitalists engage to businesses not because they just want wealth but rather they want to work hard or develop society/skills
The Spirit of Capitalism
73
Considered as foundation to capitalism
Protestantism
74
The peak of rationalization, the result of Industrialization and to Modern society.
Bureaucracy
75
Also known as dehumanization, little scope for personal initiative and creativity
Disenchantment
76
Considering that people have the ideal, the people will tend to do such action in the society
Social Action
77
ENUMERATION: Four Idealtypes of Social Action according to Weber
Goal-Oriented
Value-Rational
Affective
Traditional
78
ENUMERATION: Three Ideal Political Leaders according to Weber
Legal-rational (Bureaucratic)
Charismatic
Traditional
79
ENUMERATION: Social Stratification according to Weber
Social Classes
Political Parties
Status Groups
80
He explained the idea that the development of the person was a social process. He said that humans assign meaning to determine next course of action.
George Herbert Mead
81
ENUMERATION: Three Tenants of Herbert Blumer
1. Action depends on meaning we put to them
2. People have different meaning to things
3. Meanings we gave may change
82
He introduced a course on criminology at the University of Santo Tomas, using a social philosophical approach.
Fr. Valentin Marin
83
In 1957, CDRC was created to conduct or support social science researchers. What is the meaning of CDRC?
Community Development Research Council
84
In 1960, the Institution of Philippine Culture (IPC) was founded at Ateneo de Manila University by _________________
Fr. Frank Lynch, S.J.
85
In 1968, it was formed to improve the quality and relevance of social sciences
Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC)
86
Ideas that present the universe as an orderly system, including answers to those basic questions about the place of humankind in the universe.
Cosmology
87
ENUMERATION: Theories of Creationism
Catastrophism
| Uniformitarianism
88
Believes that humans were creation of God, according to Bible and/or the Judeo-Christian perspective
Creationism
89
An Irish Catholic archbishop poised that the Genesis started 4000 years ago
Archbishop James Ussher
90
He eventually started the scientific approach towards the Genesis
Carolus Linnaeus
91
He suggested that many species had disappeared since the time of creation through catastrophes such as floods, earthquakes, or storms. What is this theory and who is the proponent?
Catastrophism, Georges Cuvier
92
He proposed that the earth was gradually changing and suggested that the 6 days stated in the Bible was actually 6 epochs consisting thousands of years. What theory is this and who is the proponent?
Uniformitarianism and Comte Gorges Louis Leclerc de Buffon
93
It understood human existence through evolution. Natural selection and Principle of Inheritance.
Theory of Evolution
94
It refers to a process if gradual change within species over time. It was developed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.
Natural Selection
95
With the understanding Darwin developed about variation, it was eventually established that these variations within population of plants and animals are associated with pattern of inheritance.
Principle of Inheritance
96
He proposed that species change and adapt to their environment through physical characteristics acquired in the course of their lifetime. (Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics)
Baptiste de Lamarck
97
The idea of gene which is a discrete unit of hereditary information that determined specific physical characteristics of things.
Genetics
98
Developed the concept of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
99
It is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Culture
100
Replaces or substitutes for the closed instincts for nonhuman animals
Culture
101
Fixed, complex, genetically based, unlearned, species-specific behaviors that promote the survival of different species
Instincts
102
ENUMERATION: Types of Learning Culture
Situational Learning
Social Learning
Symbolic Learning
103
ENUMERATION: Aspects of Culture
Material Culture
| Nonmaterial Culture
104
The standards by which members of a society define what is good or bad, desirable or understandable, holy or unholy, beautiful or ugly.
Values
105
Cultural conventions concerning true or false assumptions specific descriptions about the nature of the universe and humanity’s place in it
Beliefs
106
Shared rules and guidelines define how people ought to behave under certain circumstances
Norms
107
Consists of various beliefs and cosmologies about the reality
Worldview
108
Consists of cultural symbols and beliefs that reflect and support the interests of specific groups within society
Ideology
109
ENUMERATION: Types of Norms
Folkways
| Mores
110
ENUMERATION: Perspectives of Cultural Anthropology
Empiricism
Nativism
Interactionism
111
John Locke: maintained his belief on Tabula Rasa or blank tablet.
Empiricism
112
Immanuel Kant: asserting that many aspects of our behavior and perceptions are part of our natural endowment and do not depend on learning
Nativism
113
Combination of both empiricism and nativism which explain human behavior and culture
Interactionism
114
The practice of judging another society by the values and standards of your own society
Ethnocentrism
115
The view that no cultural traditions are inherently superior or inferior
Cultural Revelatism
116
The process of social interaction through which people learn their culture
Enculturation or Socialization
117
Defined as the art and science of understanding and interpreting texts
Hermeneutic Phenomenology
118
The bodies of ideas embedded in the written or spoken form of language
Texts
119
Considered the founding father of phenomenology
Edmund Husserl
120
A student and staunch follower of Husserl, built upon studying phenomenology as a study with a notion of being. Father of Hermeneutic Phenomenology.
Martin Heidegger
121
ENUMERATION: Approaches in Studying Geography
Systematic
Regional
Descriptive
Analytical
122
Studies the representation of the Earth’s surface with abstract symbols
Cartography
123
He calculated the size of the Earth during the Classical Era
Erastosthenes
124
He wrote the Geographica, one of the first books outlining the study of geography
Strabo
125
He compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book Geographia
Claudius Ptolemy
126
He produced the mercator projection
Gerardus Mercator
127
He considered father of biogeography, published Cosmos
Alexander von Humboldt
128
He is considered the father of modern geography, occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University
Carl Ritter
129
An archaic conception of Earth’s shape as a plane or disk
Flat Earth Theory
130
It has been defined by the geographers as the study of human’s economic activities under varying sets of conditions which is associated with production, location, distribution, etc.
Economic Geography
131
The study of the effects of geography on the politics and international relations
Geopolitics
132
A frequent commentator on world naval strategic and diplomatic affairs, believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea
Alfred Thayer Mahan
133
He developed the concept of Lebensraum (living space) that is thought to be necessary to be the development of a nation like a favorable natural environment would be for animals.
Friedrich Ratzel
134
He developed the Heartland concept showing the situation of the “pivot are” established in the Theory of the Heartland
Sir Halford Mackinder
135
They argued to continue the US geopolitical focus on Eurasia and, particularly on Russia, despite the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War - THE Containment strategy
Henry Kissinger and Zbigneiew Brzezinski
136
The study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline
Historiography
137
Father of Historiography
Sima Quian
138
It is a branch of philosophy concerning the eventual significance of human history
Philosophy of History
139
First approached history with a well-developed historical method in his work the History of the Peloponnesian War. The father of History
Herodotus
140
Regarded history as being the product if the choices and actions of human beings
Thucydides
141
Father of Philosophy of History
Ibn Khaldun
142
Views history through a sacred or religious perspective
St. Augustine
143
He brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
144
He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom
Leopold von Ranke
145
ENUMERATION: Eras in World History
Early Modern
Pre-Modern
Contemporary
