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Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

the principle that a person should be free to make his or her own decisions

A

AUTONOMY

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2
Q

the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention

A

INFORMED CONSENT

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3
Q

Informed consent carries two main functions

A

-Protective
-Participative

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4
Q

INFORMED CONSENT MUST INCLUDE

A
  1. Decision-Making
  2. Capacity
  3. Disclosure
  4. Documentation of Consent
  5. Competency
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5
Q

The ability to understand the options
The ability to understand the consequences of choosing each of the options
The ability to evaluate the personal cost and benefit of each of the consequences and relate them to your own set of values and priorities

A

DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY

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6
Q

full information of the matter health care provider must give to you all relevant information so that you can make an informed decision

A

DISCLOSURE

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7
Q

consent form should be signed and dated both by the healthcare provider and patient
parents would sign for their child
copy can be requested by the patient

A

DOCUMENTATION OF CONSENT

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8
Q

a legal term used to indicate that a person has the ability to make and be held accountable for their decisions

A

COMPETENCY

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9
Q

positive pole of nonmaleficence
It means to do good, to provide a benefit
hinges on the other duties such as fair play a moral obligation, keeping promises, role commitments, reciprocity

A

BENEFICENCE

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10
Q

evil or harm should not be inflicted either on oneself or on others
fundamental moral principle binds and urges everyone avoid inflicting harm as a moral obligation
It mandates the right not to be killed, right not to have bodily injury or pain inflicted reciprocity on oneself, and right not to have one’s confidence revealed to others

A

NONMALEFICENCE

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11
Q

involves treating individuals equally and making impartial decisions without favoritism or bias

A

FAIRNESS

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12
Q

pertains to upholding what is morally, legally, or ethically correct in the provision of healthcare

A

RIGHTFULNESS

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13
Q

This concept relates to the idea that individuals or entities should receive outcomes based on their actions, whether as rewards for ethical behavior or consequences for unethical conduct

A

DESERVED REWARD OR PUNISHMENT

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14
Q

focuses on ensuring that healthcare resources and services are distributed based on individuals’ specific needs rather than treating everyone identically

A

EQUITY

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15
Q
  • External (society, profession)
  • Group or societal focus
  • May adapt with societal changes
  • Professional code of conduct
A

ETHICAL

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16
Q
  • Internal (personal beliefs, values)
  • Individual focus
  • More rigid, tied to personal beliefs
  • Personal belief about honesty
A

MORAL

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17
Q

an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of duties, rules, and moral principles in determining the rightness or wrongness of actions. Rooted in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant

A

Deontology

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18
Q

2 Imperatives of Kant’s Deontology

A

1.Hypothetical Imperative
2. Categorical Imperative

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19
Q

An action is necessary to the attainment of something desired: “You must do such-and-such, if you want a certain result.” This first imperative answers the question, “Does the proposed act effectively bring about a desired end?”
It tells you what you should do if you want to achieve a specific outcome.

A

Hypothetical Imperative

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20
Q

Applies no matter what one desires. The moral necessity to act is unconditional. “You ought to do such-and-such act; there are no ifs, ands, or buts about it.”
If the maxim passes this test, we may act on it; if it does not, we must reject it.

A

Categorical Imperative

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21
Q

Emphasis on the outcomes over process
Result-oriented approach that defines behavior by good or bad consequence
Moral judgement is based on the outcomes of a decision or an action.

A

Teleology

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22
Q

this ethical doctrine states that the rightness and wrongness of actions is determined by goodness and badness of their consequences

A

Utilitarianism

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23
Q

emphasizes on the pleasure or happiness a person can get from doing an act or from a particular course of action

A

Hedonist Morality

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24
Q

Focuses on the person rather than the action
Character-based ethics
not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions

A

Virtue Ethics

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25
Core Values of a Nurse
1. Compassion 2. Discernment 3. Trustworthiness 4. Integrity
26
is a trait of active regard for others welfare with imaginative awareness and emotional response of deep sympathy, tenderness, and discomfort at other person's suffering
Compassion
27
rests on sensitive insight involving acute judgment and understanding, and eventuates in decisive actions. Gives us insight into appropriate actions in a given situation, requires sensitivity and attention attuned to a particular context
Discernment
28
is confident belief in and reliance upon the ability and moral character of another person. It entails a confidence that another will act with right motives in accord with moral norms.
Trustworthiness
29
means soundness, reliability, wholeness and integration of moral character
Integrity
30
List the Patient's Bill of Rights
1. Right to Good Quality Health Care and Humane Treatment 2. Right to Dignity 3. Right to be Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient 4. Right to Choose His Physician or Health Institution 5. Right to Informed Consent 6. Right To Refuse Diagnostic and Medical Treatment 7. Right to Refuse Participation in Medical Research 8. Right to Religious Belief and Assistance 9. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality 10. Right to Disclosure of, and Access to, Information 11. Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors 12. Right To Medical Records 13. Right to Health Education 14. Right to Leave Against Medical Advise 15. Right to Express Grievances
31
the right to a continuity of good quality health care … respect for human dignity, convictions, integrity, individual needs and culture is given in the course of such care
Right to Good Quality Health Care and Humane Treatment
32
In medical care and teaching, the patient's dignity, culture and value shall be respected at all times… Terminally ill patients shall be entitled to humane terminal care…
Right to Dignity
33
Health care institutions inform the patients their rights as well as its rules and regulations related to patient conduct
Right to be Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient
34
A patient is free to choose the services of a physician or health institution
Right to Choose His Physician or Health Institution
35
The patient has the right to self-determination and to make free decisions regarding himself herself
Right to Informed Consent
36
The patient has the right to refuse diagnostic and medical treatment procedures given the following conditions: Of legal age and mentally competent Informed of the medical consequences of the refusal Releases those involved in his care from any obligation The refusal will not jeopardize public health and safety
Right To Refuse Diagnostic and Medical Treatment
37
The right to be advised or informed of plans of involvement in medical research that may affect one's treatment or condition… Participation in any proposed medical research requires a written consent from the patient…
Right to Refuse Participation in Medical Research
38
the right to receive spiritual and moral comfort, including the help of a priest or minister… the right to refuse medical treatment or procedures which may be contrary to his religious beliefs
Right to Religious Belief and Assistance
39
includes not to be subjected to exposure, private or public either by photography, publications, video-taping, discussion or other means that will reveal the identity and circumstance of the patient confidentiality of the patient's medical condition and records even after death
Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
40
The disclosure of information may be withheld if the information causes mental suffering or further impair the patient's health.. such may be withheld or deferred to some future opportune time…
Right to Disclosure of, and Access to, Information
41
communicate with relatives and others persons and to receive visitors this is subjected to the reasonable limits of the Health Care Institution's rules and regulations
Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors
42
ensure and safeguard the integrity and authenticity of medical records by the Health Care Institution and health care professionals involved…
Right To Medical Records
43
health education assists the patient in making informed choices about personal health and available health services.. includes information about healthy lifestyles, methods of prevention and early detection of illnesses...
Right to Health Education
44
to leave a Health Care Institution regardless of a patient's physical condition
Right to Leave Against Medical Advise
45
to express valid complaints and grievances about the care and services received… Such complaints and grievances be addressed to the proper authorities
Right to Express Grievances
46
OBLIGATION OF THE PATIENTS list them
1. Know Rights 2. Provide Adequate, Accurate and Complete Information 3. Report Unexpected Health Changes 4. Understand the Purpose and Cost of Treatment 5. Accept the Consequences of one Informed Consent 6. Settle Financial Obligations 7. Respect the rights of Healthcare Providers and Institutions and other Patients 8. Obligation to Self 9. Provide Adequate Health Information and Actively Participate in the Treatment 10. Respect the Privacy of Health Care Providers and Institutions 11. Exercise Fidelity on Privileged Communication 12. Respect a Physician's Refusal to Treat Him 13. Respect the Physician's Decision on Medical Reasons based on Religious Beliefs 14. Ensure Integrity and Authenticity of Medical Records 15. Participate in Training of Competent Future Physicians 16. Report Infractions and Exhaust Grievance Mechanism
47
Refers to the act of someone giving consent on behalf of another person typically when that person is unable to inform themselves due to reasons such as incapacity, age or cognitive limitations
Proxy Consent
48
Someone who is legally empowered to make decisions on behalf of another individual
Acceptable Legally Representative
49
The ethical obligation to tell the truth. It means that healthcare professionals must be honest with patients about their diagnoses, treatments, and medical conditions
Veracity
50
What are the two approaches to Truth-telling
- Person-centered - Problem-centered
51
Considers the patient as a person with a problem
Person-centered Approach
52
Stresses the nature of the problem or the degree and severity of the patient's illness Considers the patient's problem, illness or condition
Problem-centered Approach
53
Refers to the medical or professional secrecy in which certain information is committed to a physician or health care provider in an official capacity for the sake of medical assistance
Confidentiality
54
Refers to the healthcare professional's duty to remain loyal, committed, and truthful to their patients. It involves keeping promises, maintaining confidentiality, and ensuring that the patient's best interests are always prioritized
Fidelity
55
Key Aspects of Fidelity
- Keeping Promises - Maintaining Confidentiality - Being Honest and Transparent - Demonstrating Professional Integrity
56
ethical concept used in decision-making when an action has both a good effect and a harmful effect. It is commonly applied in medical ethics, end-of-life care, and moral dilemmas, ensuring that an action is morally permissible even if it causes some unintended harm, as long as certain conditions are met
PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
57
FOUR CONDITIONS OR ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER in the principle of double effect
1. The action done or course chosen must be morally good, or at least morally indifferent or neutral 2. The good effect must come directly from the action itself, and is not coming from or following as a consequence of the evil effect 3. The good effect must be intended or willed and the evil/harm merely tolerated or allowed, with sufficient reason 4. The good effect must outweigh or at least be equivalent in importance to the evil effect
58
states that all decisions in medical ethics must prioritize the good of the entire person, including physical, psychological and spiritual factors
Principle of Totality
59
Preoperative Responsibilities list them
- informed consent advocacy - holistic patient assessment - patient education
60
Intraoperative Responsibilities list them
- patient dignity and rights - ethical decision-making - advocacy for patient's best interest
61
Postoperative Responsibilities
- ensuring wholeness of care - pain management and comfort - rehabilitation support
62
the responsible management and care of resources, entrusted by a higher authority, for the benefit of others
Stewardship
63
stewardship responsibilities include
- patient care - ethical standards - healthcare resource management - knowledge stewardship - stewardship of compassion
64
an ethical guideline in healthcare and medical decision-making. It helps determine whether a medical treatment is morally obligatory or optional based on its effectiveness, burden, and proportionality to the expected benefit
The Principle of Ordinary and Extraordinary Means
65
Refers to medical treatments that offer reasonable hope of benefit without excessive burden. These treatments are considered morally obligatory because they preserve life and maintain dignity
Ordinary Means
66
Refers to treatments that are excessively burdensome, experimental, or offer little hope of benefit. These treatments are morally optional and may be declined if they impose excessive pain, financial cost, or do not improve quality of life
Extraordinary Means

Bioethics (1 decks)

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