Midterms Flashcards
Inferior is to feet as ____ is to head.
Superior
The heart is _____ to the lungs but it is ______ to the sternum.
Medial, deep
The ankle is ____ to the toes while the wrist is ______ to the elbow.
Proximal, distal
This plane divides the body into upper and lower halves?
Horizontal/Transverse
A _____ plane divides the body into right and left halves while ____ planes divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Sagittal, Mid-Sagittal
The _____ plane divides the body into front and back halves.
Coronal/Frontal
The heart and lungs are located in the _____ cavity while the small and large intestines are located in the _____ cavity
Thoracic, Abdominal
The spinal and cranial cavities together form the ______ cavity
Dorsal
Posterior is to spine as ____ is to sternum.
Anterior
Supine is the opposite of ______.
Prone
Name three types of connective tissue
Loose, Fibrous, Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
This type of tissue lines arteries and veins
Epithelium
This type of tissue insulates and cushions vital organs
Adipose Tissue
This type of tissue makes up the embryonic skelton
Hyaline Cartilage
Cells lining the upper respiratory tract will have small, hair-like projections called _____.
Cilia
The _____ membrane is superficial to the basement or ______ membrane
Spiral, Basal
Cartilage is composed of _____ and these cells are located in spaces called ______.
Chondrocytes, lacunae
Cells join together to make _____ which join together to make _____
Tissue, organ
This type of cartilage gives the outer ear its firm but elastic properties
Elastic
A neuron has extensions off the cell body called ______ alone with another extensions referred to as a(n) ______
Dendrites, axon
The mesoderm (embryonic germ layer) gives rise to _______
Muscle, bone, and connective tissue
These types of muscle tissue are considered involuntary
Cardiac and Smooth
Muscle attachment to the stationary bone is called the _____ while attachment to the moving bone is called _______
Origin, insertion
This structure in the muscle cell stores calcium ions.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Actin and myosin filaments make up light and dark bands (striations) in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue called ______
Sacomere
The middle that contains only myosin filaments
H-Zone
This line separates individual sacromere
Z-Line
Which type of muscle doesn’t contain striations
Smooth
Which type of muscle contains intercalated disks
Cardiac
Calcium binds to ______, a regulatory protein, which moves _______ exposing the myosin binding sites
Troponin, Tropomyosin
Nuclei and multiple mitochondria are located in the ______ of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasm
Skeletal muscles are made up of hundreds of thousands of bundles of muscle fibers called ______
Muscle fascicles
Connective tissue that surrounds muscle tissue is called _____. Connective that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called ______ and connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber is called _______.
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
Oblique refers to muscles that run ______ to the midine while rectus refers to muscles that run _____ to the midline.
Diagonally, straight
Biceps refers to ___ points of origin while quadriceps refers to ___ points or origin.
2, 4
Nerves and blood vessels are found in this type of tissue in a muscle
Connective
Nerves and blood vessels will travel through openings in bones called
Foramen
_____ break down bone while _____ builds up bone.
Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts
A axial skeleton is make up of
Skull, cranium, vertebral column, ribs
The appendicular skeleton is make up of
Bones of appendages, shoulder girdle, and pelvic bones
Give an example of a hinge joint
Knee and elbow
Give an example of ball and socket joint
Hip and shoulder
Flat bones make up the skill or ____ which protects the _____.
Cranium, brain
Vertebrae located in the neck region are called ____ while vertebrae located in the upper back that are attached to the ribs are called _____. Lower vertebrae are referred to as _____.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Projections found on the surface of bones are called
Processes
Cancellous bones is found at the ____ of long bones and are involved in making ________.
End, blood vessels
Large projections used for muscle attachment are called _____.
Trochanter
The kneecap is considered a ____ bone.
Patella
The shoulder girdle consists of ______ and ______.
Scapula, clavicle
A knuckle-like process found where bones articulate is called _____
Condyle
Articular surfaces are covered with this type of connective tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
What organs make up the central nervous system
Brain, spinal card
A neuron is depolarized, due to this molecule rushing into the cell
Sodium
A nerve impulse travels from _____ to _____ when moving through a neuron
Dendrites, axon
A nerve impulse gets converted from an _____ signal into a _____ signal before passing through the _____.
Electrical, chemical, synapse
Information taken in by the eye will travel to this part of the brain for integration
Occipital Lobe
Rounded surfaces on the cerebral cortex are called _____ while indentations are called _____
Gyrus, Sulcus
This part of the brain is involved in controlling automatic functions, such as breathing, heart rate
Medulla Oblongata
This fatty material that surrounds the axon is called ____
Myelin Sheath
The slow release of sodium ions across a neuron will cause an ________ once a certain threshold is reached
Actin potential
This structure allows for communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
Corpus Callosum
This structure within the brain is involved in muscle movement and muscle memroy
Cerebellum
This Lobe of the brain is involved in higher level cognition including reasoning, expressive language, etc.
Frontal Lobe
These molecules enable communication between neurons
Neurotransmitters
Rods and cones found in the eye are an example of
Sensory organ
Rods the body of nitrogen-containing wastes
Urinary
Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland
Endocrine
Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act
Skeletal
Includes the heart
Cardiovascular
Protests underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage
Integumentary
Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells
Immune
Breaks down food stuff into small particles that can be absorbed
Digestive
Removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Respiratory
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
Cardiovascular
Moves the limbs; allows facial expression
Musclar
Conserves body water or eliminates excesses
Urinary
Provides for conception and childbearing
Reproductive
Controls the body with chemicals called hormones
Endocrine
Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn
Integumentary
Blood, vessels, heart
Cardiovascular
Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands
Endocrine
Kidneys, bladder, urethra
Urinary
Testis, vas deferens, urethra
Reproductive
Esophagus, large intestine, rectum
Digestive
Breastbone, vertebral column, skull
Skeletal
Brain, nerves, sensory receptors
Nervous
The heart is _____ to the lungs
Medial or deep
The knee is ____ to the hip
Distal
The wrist is _____ to the fingers
Proximal
The mouth is _____ to the nose
Inferior
The thumb is _____ to the ring finger
Medial
The sternum is _____ to the heart
Superficial
The scalp is ____ to the skull
Superficial
The ears are _____ to the nose
Lateral
This body cavity contains the heart, lungs, bronchi, and trachea
Thoracic
This body system makes us aware and allows us to react to changes in the internal and external enviroment
Nervous
This body cavity contains all of the organs of the digestive system along with the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas
Abdominal
This body system protects the brain and organs in the thoracic cavity, supports the body, stores minerals, and allows for muscle attachment
Skeletal
The cranial and spinal cavities are part of this larger cavity
Dorsal
This organ system allows for communication between organ systems and maintains homeostasis by secreting hormones
Endocrine
This organ system returns tissue fluid to the blood and assists the immune system in destroying pathogens
Lymphatic
This body cavity is made up of the thoracic, Abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Ventral
These body cavities contain the brain
Cranial, dorsal
Simple
One layer
Stratified
Multiple layers
Cuboidal
All sides equal (cube shaped)
Columnar
Like a column (taller than wide)
Squamous
Flat
What type of muscles are voluntary
Skeletal
Forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membrane
Epithelium
Allows for organ movement within the body
Muscle
Transmits electrochemical impulses
Nervous
Supports body organs
Connective
Cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances
Epithelium
Basis of the major controlling system of the body
Nervous
The major function of the cells of this tissue type is to shorten
Muscle
Forms hormones
Epithelium
Packages and protects body organs
Connective
Characterized by having large amounts of nonliving matrix
Connective
Allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow
Muscle
Most widely distributed tissue type of the body
Connective
Forms the brain and spinal cord
Nervous
Lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis
Stratified squamos
Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestines
Simple columnar
Best suited for areas subjected to friction
Stratified Squamous
Lines much of the respiratory tract
Pseudo stratified columnar
Propels substances across its surface
Pseudo stratified columnar
Found in the bladder lining; peculiar cells that slide over one another
Transitional
Forms thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells
Simple Squamos
This type of tissue lines arteries, veins, and body cavities, such as the lining on the inside of the stomach
Smooth
This type of tissue is found in the rib cage and makes up most of the embryonic skeleton
Hyaline Cartilage
This type of cartilage gives structures elastic but rigid properties
Elastic Cartilage
The free surface of pseudo stratified columnar tissue is lined with tiny hair-like projections that are called
Cilia
This embryonic germ layer forms the digestive tract and its auxiliary organs
Endoderm
The layer of tissue found below epithelial tissue is called
Basement/Basal
This type of cell is involved in bone formation
Osteoblasts
This type of fat is found in specific areas, such as the neck and is involved in heat production
Brown
Cartilage cells are called _____ and are located in spaces called _____
Chondrocytes, lacunae
A nerve cell contains a cell body, axon, and extensions called ____
Dendrites
This embryonic germ layer gives rise to muscles, bone, and blood vessels
Mesoderm
This type of tissue insulates and protects organs
Connective/Adipose
The skin is made up of this type of tissue
Epithelium
Different tissues that work together form
Organs
The pancreas, a ductless gland, is said to be a(n) ______ gland.
Endocrine
This type of substance surrounds the cells that make up connective tissue
Matrix/Extracellular Matrix
Epithelial tissue received substances via
Diffusion
Types of Bones:
Long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular
What types of bones are long bones
Arms, legs, hands, feet, clavicle
What types of bones are short bones
Wrist, ankles
What types of bones are flat bones
Skull, shoulder blade, scapula
What types of bones are irregular bones
Vertebrae, facial, pelvis
What type of bones are sesamoid bones
Patella
Five functions of the skeletal system:
- Framework - Supports the body
- Skeletal muscles - Allow for movement
- Protects organs - Heart, lungs, spinal cord, and brain
- Bone Marrow - Formation of blood cells
- Bone tissue - Stores mineral salts that are essential for metabolic functions
Describe a sesamoid bone
Develop in tendons
Pelvic
Pubic, ischium, illium, sacrum, coccyx
Shoulder
Clavicle, scapular spine, aromia & coranoid process
Head process
Large round articular surface
Neck process
The narrow part of a bone that is between the head & shaft
Spine process
A sharp, slender process as seen on the back of the shoulder blade
Condyle
A rounded knuckle-like process located where the bone articulates with another bone
Trochanter
A large projection for the attachment of muscles
Large round articular surface
Head process
The narrow part of a bone that is between the head & shaft
Neck process
A sharp, slender process as seen on the back of the shoulder blade
Spine process
A rounded knuckle-like process located where the bone articulates with another bone
Condyle
A large projection for the attachment of muscles
Trochanter
Formen
A hole in a bone allowing passage of blood vessels and nerves
A hole in a bone allowing passage of blood vessels and nerves
Formen
What type of joint is a suture joint
A skull
What type of joint is a hinge joint
Knee and elbow
What type of joint is a ball & socket
Hip and shoulder
What type of joint is a pivot joint
Turning of skull on the spine
Where do you find the cancellous bone tissue
Interior
Where do you find the compact bone tissue
Cortex
Which type of tissue is bone marrow found
Epiphysis
What is the function of red marrow
Fat and blood cells found here in stages of development
Axial skeleton
Encases and protects the brain
Examples of axial skeleton
Skull, cranium, vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton
Structures attached to the axial skeleton
Examples of the appendicular skeleton
Pelvis bone, shoulder girdle, and bones of appendages
Projections found on the surface of a bone are called
Process
A hole in a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves is called
Foreman
Immovable joints are called _____. An example of where this type of joint is located is _______.
Suture, cranium
This type of joint allows for movement in a single plane
Hinge
This type of joint allows for the freest moevement
Ball and socket
These types of bones cells break down bone for reabsorption
Osteoclasts
Cancellous bone is found at the ends of long bones and are involved in the formation of
Blood cells
This skeleton is involved in protecting vital organs
Axial
This bone is found at the rear most part of the skull
Occipital
There are this many true ribs
7
The arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdles are part of this skeleton
Appendicular
This type of bone makes up the bones of the skull
Flat
Vertebrae are this type of bone
Irregular
A large projection for the attachment of muscles is called
Trochanter
This type of bone is embedded within a tendon
Sesamoid
The pelvic girdle consists of the following bones:
Illium, sacrum, coccyx
Phalanges are these type of bone
Long
The scapula and clavicle are part of the
Shoulder girdle
The bones in the palm of your hand are referred to as
Metacarpels
A round knuckle-like process found where a bone articulates with another bone is called
Condyle
Articular surfaces of long bones are covered by this type of connective tissue
Cartilage
This type of joint allows for the movement of the skull on the spine
Pivot
Oblique
Diagonally
Rectus
Straight
Maximus
Large
Medius
Middle
Extensor
To extend a structure
Flexor
To flex a structure
Deltoid
Triangular
Pectoralis
Chest
Gluteus
Buttock or rump
Brachii
Arm
Trapezius
Like a trapezoid, a four-sided figure with two sides parallel
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Perimysium
Connective tissue ensheathing the entire muscle
Epimysium
Contractile unit of muscle
Sarcomere
A muscle cell
Fiber
Thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell
Endomysium
Plasma membrane of the muscle cell
Sarcolemma
Actin or myosin containing structure
Myofibril
A long, filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance
Myofilament
Cord like extensions of connective tissue beyond the muscle, serving to attach it to the bone
Tendon
A discrete bundle of muscle cells
Fascicle
Striated and voluntary
Skeletal
Striated, involuntary and branched
Cardiac
Involuntary with no striations
Smooth
The membrane that surrounds the skeletal muscle
Epimysium
The change in concentration of this molecule causes muscle contraction to begin
Calcium
The attachment of the molcules in #2 to this regulatory protein allows for muscle contraction to begin
Troponin
This is equivalent to the cell membrane
Sarcolemma
This is equivalent to the cell’s cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
Calcium is released by this structure to begin a muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic Rreticulum
Where muscles attaches itself to on the more stationary of the two bones
Origin/Proximinal attachment
The sarcoplasm contains the following structures
Nuclei, Mitochondria
This type of tissue allows a path for nerve and blood vessels within muscle tissue
Connective
Working in pairs, muscles are said to be
Antagonistic Relationship
Light and dark bands on striated muscles are called
Sarcomere
Attachment to the bone that moves is called
Insertion/Distal attachment
Myofibrils are made up of actin and myosin fibers. Many myofibrils make up the
Muscle cell
Indentations found on the cerebrum of the brain
Sulcus
Functions, such as, breathing and heart rate are controlled by this part of the brain
Medulla Oblongata
This lobe processes information, such as, touch, pressure and pain
Parietal Lobe
This cranial nerve controls neck movement
Cranial Accessory
This structure allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
This Lobe of the brain interpret sound and language
Temporal Lobe
This part of the brain coordinates movement and motor learning
Cerebellum
This part of the brain relays sensory and movement information from the body to the cerebrum and vice versa.
Thalamus
This part of the brain controls, hunger, thirst and circadian rhythm
Hypothalamus
This part of the brain stimulates breathing and controls sleep
Pons
This part of the brain secretes hormones that can affect organs and glands
Pituitary Glands
This part of the brain controls the flow of messages between the body and brain
Brain Stem
What input is considered the tapping of the knee?
Sensory
When the information goes to the central nervous system what is the purpose of it?
Integration
The response or movement of the knee is considered
Motor output
A neuron contains many fiber-like extensions called
Dendrites
Site if regulation of water balance and body temperature
Hypothalamus
Contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brain Stem centers
Pons
Responsible for the regulation for posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements
Cerebellum
Important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation
Medulla Oblongata
Large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Shrugging the shoulders
Cranial Accessory
Smelling a flower
Olfactory
Rising the eyelids and focusing the lens of the eye for accommodation; constriction of the eye pupils
Oculamotor
Slows the heart; increases the mobility of the digestive tract
Vagus
Involving in smiling
Facial
Involved in chewing food
Trigeminal
Listening to music, seasickness
Vestibulocochlear
Secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food
Glossopharyngeal/Facial
Involved in “rolling” the eyes
Trochlear, Abducens, Optic
Feeling a toothache
Trigeminal
Reading Tennis magazine or this study guide
Optic
Purely sensory
Olfactory, Optic, vestibulocochlear
Piercing the skin
Stimulus
What tissue is the effector?
Muscle or gland tissue. Skeletal muscle
How many synapses occur in this reflex arc?
2
Releases neurotransmitters
Axon termital
Conducts electrical currents toward the cell body
Dendrites
Increases the speed of impulse transmission
Myelin sheath
Location of the nucleus
Cell body
Generally conducts impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Rounded surfaces
Gyrus
Three parts of the nervous system
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Neurons
Includes brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
Nerves that communicate motor and sensory signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
Overlapping Functions:
Sensory input, integration, motor output
The transmitting cell
Presynaptic cell
The target cell
Postsynaptic
A vesicle at the top of presynaptic axon
Synaptic vesicles
Chemical messengers that are contained in synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters
Inside of the membrane
Negative charge
Outside of membrane
Positive charge
Causes by the movement of ions across the plasma membrane
Voltage change
Voltage-gated ion channels situated in small gaps between Schwann cells in the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
