Midterms Flashcards
Absolute Monarchy
A form of monarchy where the ruler has complete authority.
Divine Right
The belief that a monarch’s authority comes directly from God.
Versailles
The grand palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarchy.
Huguenots
French Protestants persecuted under Louis XIV.
Edict of Nantes
1598 decree granting religious freedom to Huguenots in France.
Westernization
The adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture.
Salons
Informal gatherings where intellectuals discussed Enlightenment ideas.
Philosophe/Philosopher
Enlightenment thinkers who applied reason to understand and improve society.
Leviathan
A work by Thomas Hobbes arguing for a strong central authority.
Two Treatises of Government
John Locke’s work outlining natural rights and the social contract.
Censorship
The suppression of speech or ideas deemed unacceptable by authorities.
Baroque
Grand, ornate style of art and architecture in the 17th century.
Rococo
A lighter, more decorative artistic style following the Baroque period.
Louis XIV
The “Sun King,” who ruled France as an absolute monarch.
Philip II
Spanish king who strengthened Catholicism and the Spanish Empire.
Maria Theresa
Austrian empress who strengthened the Habsburg monarchy.
Charles I of England
King executed after the English Civil War.
Catherine the Great
Russian empress who expanded territory and promoted Westernization.
Peter the Great
Russian tsar known for modernizing and expanding Russia.
Joseph II
Austrian ruler known for enlightened reforms.
The Scientific Method
A systematic approach to scientific investigation.
Scientific Revolution
Period of major advancements in science during the 16th-18th centuries.
The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism.
Spread of Enlightenment
The dissemination of Enlightenment ideas through publications and debates.
Thomas Hobbes
Enlightenment thinker who believed in strong government to control human nature.
John Locke
Philosopher who argued for natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
Frederick the Great (II)
Prussian king who embraced Enlightenment ideas and reforms.
Voltaire
Philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech and religion.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Enlightenment thinker who promoted the social contract and general will.
Baron de Montesquieu
Philosopher who proposed the separation of powers in government.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Advocate for women’s rights and education.
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Wollstonecraft’s work arguing for gender equality.
Adam Smith
Economist who promoted free-market capitalism.
Natural Rights
Fundamental rights including life, liberty, and property.
Estates
Social classes in pre-revolutionary France.
1st Estate
The clergy in France’s old regime.
2nd Estate
The nobility in France’s old regime.
3rd Estate
The commoners in France’s old regime.
Estates-General
Assembly of representatives from all three estates.
Tennis Court Oath
Pledge by the National Assembly to create a new constitution.
National Assembly
Revolutionary assembly formed by the 3rd Estate.
The Constitution of 1791
France’s first written constitution.
The Directory
Five-member government during the French Revolution.
The Bastille
Fortress stormed by revolutionaries in 1789.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Revolutionary document asserting individual rights.
Sans-culottes
Working-class revolutionaries in France.
Reign of Terror
Period of extreme violence during the French Revolution.
Suffrage
The right to vote.
Olympe de Gouge
Feminist writer executed during the French Revolution.
Jacobins
Radical political group during the French Revolution.
Committee of Public Safety
Revolutionary government led by Robespierre.
Levee en Masse
Mass military conscription during the French Revolution.
Jacques Necker
Financial advisor to Louis XVI.
Louis XVI
King executed during the French Revolution.
Jean Paul-Marat
Radical journalist and revolutionary leader.
Maximilien Robespierre
Leader of the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror.
Moderate Phase
Early phase of the French Revolution with limited reforms.
Radical Phase
Revolutionary period marked by violence and radical changes.
Napoleon
French military leader who became emperor.
Continental System
Napoleon’s blockade against British trade.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting to restore European stability after Napoleon.
The Napoleonic Code
Legal code established by Napoleon.
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon’s final defeat.
Bourgeoise
Middle class, often leaders of revolutionary movements.
Proletariat
Working-class citizens, particularly in industrial societies.
Peninsulares
Spanish-born elite in Latin America.
Creoles
American-born descendants of Spanish settlers.
Mestizos/Mulattos
Mixed-race individuals in colonial Latin America.
Africans/Natives
Lowest social classes in Latin American colonies.
Simon Bolivar
Leader of independence movements in South America.
Napoleon (Latin America)
His conquests disrupted Spanish rule in colonies.
Miguel Hidalgo
Priest who initiated Mexico’s independence movement.
Jose de San Martin
South American independence leader.
Jamaica Letter
Bolivar’s document outlining goals for independence.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Haitian Revolution
Successful slave-led revolution in Haiti.
Cry of Dolores “El Grito de Dolores”
Hidalgo’s call for Mexican independence.
Independence Movements in: Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, Peru & Brazil
Struggles for independence from colonial rule.
8 Factors Needed
Essential elements for industrialization.
Tenement
Overcrowded housing for workers in cities.
Working Conditions
Harsh conditions for laborers during the Industrial Revolution.
Labor Union
Worker organizations advocating for better conditions.
Enclosure Act
Laws consolidating land, aiding agricultural efficiency.
Entrepreneur
Business owner who assumes risks for profit.
Industry
Economic activity involving manufacturing.
Friedrich Engels
Co-author of The Communist Manifesto.
The Condition of the Working Class
Engels’ critique of industrial life.
Thomas Malthus
Economist who warned of population growth outpacing resources.
Utilitarianism
Philosophy advocating for actions benefiting the majority.
Socialism
Economic system prioritizing public ownership and equality.
Robert Owen
Socialist who advocated for utopian communities.
Karl Marx
Founder of Marxism and co-author of The Communist Manifesto.
The Communist Manifesto
Marx and Engels’ critique of capitalism.
Communism
System of classless, stateless society.
Capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership and profit.
Adam Smith (Industrial)
Economist supporting free-market policies.
The Wealth of Nations
Smith’s work advocating for laissez-faire economics.
Laissez-faire
Policy of minimal government interference in the economy.
Assembly line
Production method with division of labor.
Louis Pasteur
Scientist who developed germ theory.
Cult of Domesticity
Idealization of women in the home.
Temperance Movement
Campaign to reduce alcohol consumption.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leader in women’s suffrage movement.
women’s suffrage
The right of women to vote.
Romanticism
Artistic movement emphasizing emotion and nature.
Impressionism
Art movement focusing on light and color.
Realism
Artistic style portraying life as it is.
Charles Dickens
Author highlighting social issues during the Industrial Revolution.
