midterms Flashcards
The main purpose is to protect the public by setting up the minimum acceptable level of safety for buildings, products, and processes.
CODES AND REGULATIONS
Presidential Decree 1096
The National Building Code of the Philippines
The purpose of this Code is to provide for all buildings and structures, a framework of minimum standards and
requirements to regulate and control their location, site, design, quality of materials, construction, use,
occupancy, and maintenance.
The National Building Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 1096)
Declaration Policy:
Policy of the State to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles
of sound environmental management and control.
The National Building Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 1096)
This code shall apply to the design and construction, repair, alteration, renovation, and use of any building and
other structures for human habitation and all other activities of human endeavor, including the architectural
aspects of infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and the like.
Architectural Code of The Philippines
Declaration Policy:
Designed to be consistent, complementary, and compatible as a referral code to NBC and all allied
referral codes under the purview of NBC.
Architectural Code of The Philippines
Establish minimum requirements for structural systems using prescriptive and performance-based
principles provisions.
National Structural Code of the Philippines
The primary objective of the code is to establish basic materials quality and electrical works standards
for the safe use of electricity for light, heat, power, communications, signaling, and for other purposes
Electrical Code of the Philippines
Practical safeguarding of persons and property from hazards arising from the use of electricity.
Electrical Code of the Philippines
Declaration Policy:
Policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote economic development thru prevention and
suppression of all kinds of destructive fires.
Fire Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 9514)
Promote the professionalization of the fire service as a profession.
Fire Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 9514)
Republic Act 9514
Fire Code of the Philippines
The basic goal of the 1999 ________________ of the Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance
of the latest provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws.
National Plumbing Code
Presidential Decree 856
Sanitation Code of the Philippines
Improvement of the way of the Filipinos by directing public health services towards the protection and
promotion of the health of the people.
Sanitation Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 856)
Executive Officer of the OBO appointed by the Secretary.
BUILDING OFFICIAL
A document issued by the Building Official (BO) to an owner/applicant to proceed
with the construction, or other work activity of a specific project/building/structure
BUILDING PERMIT
known as the National Building Code of the Philippines.
PD 1096
DPWH
The Department of Public Works and Highways
Head or Chief Executive Officer of DPWH.
SECRETARY
The Executive Officer or Head of the NBCDO.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OBO
OFFICE OF THE BUILDING OFFICIAL
Office authorized to enforce the provisions of the Code
and its IRR in the field as well as the enforcement of orders and decisions made pursuant thereto.
OFFICE OF THE BUILDING OFFICIAL (OBO)
NBCDO
National Building Code Development Office
is created through DPWH Department Order, shall
serve as the technical staff of the Secretary.
National Building Code Development Office (NBCDO)
shall be responsible for carrying out the provisions of the Code in the field as well
as the enforcement of orders and decisions made pursuant thereto.
Building Officials
is a dynamic process that includes several factors. The principles of ____________ involve satisfying a defined criterion on a priority basis – as a result, ________________ is frequently about compromise.
SPACE PLANNING
The design of a building or room may have several client or end-user specifications. It is important to carry out
in-depth research at the very early stages of design and understand as many aspects of space use as possible.
Phase 1: Collection of Information
Looking at how to build spaces and fit humans in those spaces we may find certain basic ideas of how people
communicate with their environments.
Phase 2: Interpret Requirements
How people move around the building from room to room is just as important as the destination. When developing
a circulation structure, we can look at a few basic principles.
Phase 4: Developing Circulation
When the spaces have been discussed and the criteria identified, it is time to begin sketching out diagrams of
the relationship. The relationship diagram takes your design from data to a more visual look at physically planning out your space. It’s abstract and rough, but it helps you to develop your understanding of the requirements and
imagine how the spaces fit together and how the interaction between them can flow.
Phase 5: Create the Solution
As your sketch diagrams develop you can begin to build a rough sketch plan of your spaces, this is sometimes
known as
bubble diagramming or adjacency diagrams
helps you make the connection between basic spatial requirements and a fully drafted floor
plan. It is essentially a trial-and-error method of exploring the configuration options.
The bubble diagram
if you are designing a new building the ____________________ can often be connected with your concept
and site analysis to develop the design.
bubble diagram
After some ideas have been sketched, these ideas can then be checked and areas requiring improvement can
be searched for.
Phase 6: Review and Revise
six phases of space planning
Phase 1: Collection of Information
Phase 2: Interpret Requirements
Phase 3: Consideration of Spaces and Spatial Relationships
Phase 4: Developing Circulation
Phase 5: Create the Solution
Phase 6: Review and Revise
Evaluating various spatial options and their relationships for optimal layout.
Phase 3: Consideration of Spaces
Places key elements at the center for easy access and visibility.
Centralized Organization
Arranges elements in a straight line, optimizing flow in one direction.
Linear Organization
Uses a central point with paths extending outward, enhancing interaction.
Radial Organization
Groups related elements together, improving collaboration and efficiency.
Clustered Organization
Employs a structured layout using rows and columns for clarity and order.
Grid Organization
It makes a building easy to navigate and contributes to the overall functionality of the building.
Efficiency
Focuses on maintaining privacy and minimizing interference in movement.
Discreetness
Emphasizes the smooth and continuous flow of movement throughout the building.
Fluidity
One of the technical aspects of doing a building project is ________________. Whether it might be the quality of the soil,
the structural load, the amount of concrete, or many more, multiple tests and calculations in order for the project to achieve its completion and somehow save some pennies for the overall budget.
CALCULATIONS
The percentage of
water in the soil, often known as
soil’s water content or moisture.
Types of Soil Test
Moisture Content Test.
Specific Gravity Test.
Dry Density Test for Soil.
Atterberg Limits Test
Compaction or Proctor’s Test.
The weight of soil particles in a specific volume of sample is known as
dry density
are two elements that affect a soil’s dry density
The void ratio and specific gravity
This test reveals the soil’s essential water level. The test offers three tests that illustrate the characteristics of a fine-grained soil sample under various circumstances.
Atterberg Limits Test
is the process of densifying soil by compressing the air voids.
soil compaction
developed the concept and created a blend of clay and limestone back in 1824.
Joseph Aspdin
is quantified in terms of volume. The ratio of cement to aggregate particles utilized has an impact on concrete’s durability as well.
Concrete
is a force that a home frame must be able to withstand. Eight of these loads,
including wind, earth, and snow, must be accommodated by the frame without causing the structure catastrophic
stress.
building load
is made up of a collection of carefully spaced-apart beams and columns that are used to build multi-story buildings.
frame
are so closely linked to the column, the column rotates as well.
beams
HVAC
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
the system of pipes, tanks, fittings, and other apparatus required for the water supply, heating, and sanitation in a building
Plumbing
maintains clean indoor air in addition to keeping you warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
HVAC
is a part of the contract documents contained in the project manual consisting of written
documents describing the scope of work, materials that are to be used and the technical nature of materials, the
methods of installation, equipment, construction systems, standards, and the quality of workmanship under
contract.
SPECIFICATIONS
are a tender document often references about the specific requirements and
construction standards for various elements of a project.
Technical specifications
are prepared to provide
consistency and to instruct contractors on how the works are to be carried out, the quality of the workmanship,
and methods of quality assurance for the construction project.
Technical specifications
are prepared to a level
that allows the works to be constructed accurately.
Technical specifications
describe the project design and construction practices, technical standards,
specifications and principles to be followed during construction.
Technical specifications
Performance specifications, also known as
performance criteria or functional requirements
describe the final results that are expected from a construction project. It discusses the operational
requirements of a project.
Performance Specifications
It discusses the operational
requirements of a project.
Performance Specifications
requires the use of a single approved product type for any particular installation.
Proprietary Specification
are often used in cases where there is existing equipment or
materials that are already on site.
Proprietary specifications
are very similar to prescriptive construction documents—except for the
fact that they’re written with one particular product in mind.
Proprietary Specifications
is used by architects and contractors whenever a specific product is
required due to its relationship with the owner’s company or something else associated with the building like
high-end luxury finishes in a hotel, for instance.
proprietary specification
convey the requirements of a project through a detailed
explanation of the materials that the contractor must use (including product options), and the means of installing
those materials.
Prescriptive specifications
Commonly used in commercial and residential work, this type of construction
specification is called a
General Specifications
covers various options — including both materials and
details on installation processes like how many layers of paint should be applied throughout construction.
general specification
is slightly different from a general one because it covers virtually
every aspect of construction in precise terms.
Detailed Specifications
This type of construction specification is typically used when owners have little or no
experience working on large-scale projects and need more guidance.
Detailed Specifications
These are the most common types and cover things like flooring
materials and steel thickness requirements for beams and columns.
Standard specifications:
are typically used in more complicated cases where
unique details might be required (like installing a specific brand of windows or doors). They’re
often the most detailed type of construction specification.
Special specifications
Quantity survey is the art or knowledge in which materials quantity and entire cost are determined. It is
also generally known as
Estimating
is the art or knowledge in which materials quantity and entire cost are determined.
Quantity survey
plays a vital role in estimation and construction of any relevant project. It will help in the determination of all related applicable costs and materials quantity so that all those factors are determined, and
funds are released for the project in case if acceptable.
Quantity survey
is conducted in two ways despite the nature of the project whether the project is of
construction, sewerage system, canal digging, or road construction, and so forth.
Estimation
is conducted that will help in the determination of the cost.
Rough Cost Estimate
is conducted if funds are released.
Detailed Estimate
__________ a person who estimates. This person is also known as _________
Quantity Surveyor, Evaluator or Estimator
Two Types of Estimates in Civil Engineering:
Original Estimate, COST ESTIMATES
This type of Estimate is done for any project before commencing
about its fruitfulness and cost that will be expended on it. Initially, a rough estimate of cost is conducted about the project that is known as
Rough Cost Estimate.
In this method of estimation, each item of the project is determined
and multiplied with its Unit of Rate to acquire the cost.
Detailed Estimate
Therefore, it is considered a better estimation method.
Detailed Estimate
is prepared when diversion more than 5 percent occurs in the Detailed Estimate.
Revised Estimate
This estimate is conducted like the Original
Estimate.
Revised Estimate
If construction work of the project has been started
and change in design has been felt, and expenditure due to design changes cannot be covered within approved funds then an additional estimate is
prepared which is known as
Supplementary Estimate.
Sometimes changes or additions are
required in an already prepared estimate in the project, and these changes are
caused due to price diversion of more than 5 percent.
Revised and Supplementary Estimate
Repair and maintenance are done in buildings and other structures in
order to maintain and look after them. The estimate prepared to find the cost applying over
the repair. This estimate is known as
Repair Estimate
Procedure for the Repair Estimate is similar to that of the
Detailed Estimate.
Buildings and other structures are repaired every year to keep them maintained and usable.
Annual Repair Estimate
Special repair is done after every four years
despite annual repair which is known as
Quadrennial Repair
Tenure is not fixed for special repair. However, repairing
damages of buildings and other structures caused by earthquake, flood and
other accidents is done in special repair.
Special Estimation
is to determine the current rate per unit of an item at the locality.
Rate analysis
the expenses that directly affect the project. It is also known as project overhead
costs) are those directly linked to the physical construction of a project.
Direct expenses
They are also sometimes called “bare” or “unburdened” costs.
Direct expenses
are incurred while completing the project but are not applicable to any specific task.
Indirect expenses
Apply appropriate or contracted profit rate uniformly to all contractors and to original bid and change orders.
Profit
This represents the total amount of supplies and labor required to finish a
project.
QUANTITY TAKEOFFS
This represents the overall cost and the number of hours of work necessary to do a task.
LABOR HOURS AND LABOR COST
The total material expense that the project financier will be responsible for is this.
COST OF MATERIALS
The majority of general contractors employ subcontractors at various
times throughout a project.
SUBCONTRACTOR QUOTES
in construction are expenditures that benefit more than one project objective.
JOINT COSTS
costs, such as administrative and overhead expenses, are often those expenses that have no direct impact on the project’s real expenditures. expenses as did the general
contractor.
INDIRECT COSTS
The most popular technique for calculating building costs is this one. The ______________ approach works by figuring out the total cost of the project based on unit costs.
METHOD 1: UNIT PRICING
This technique for calculating construction costs entails assessing the whole
amount of work required and offering a broad estimate.
METHOD 2: BUDGET METHOD
Studying a project’s numerous components to see if it has the potential to succeed
involves project feasibility. When analyzing the viability of a project, managers take their available resources and
financial needs into account.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY
The construction sector is primarily driven by profit. Since you should only accept
lucrative projects as a building contractor, you must precisely estimate project expenses before invoicing the
customer. You shouldn’t accept that job if the real cost of building exceeds what your customer can afford.
PROJECT PROFITABILITY
Contractors frequently need to find the first funding for projects. For them to
assess how much money they need to get in order to start the project, cost estimators are necessary.
PROCURING THE FINANCES
Starting a building project requires you to properly monitor your spending to prevent going
over budget. The related expenses of any project may be established with the use of an estimate.
SETTING BUDGET
An accurate cost estimate enables you to submit a competitive proposal and win the job.
For the same project, contractors frequently have to offer lower pricing than their rivals in order to remain
profitable. Only if you have a precise estimate of the project’s cost is this feasible.
PITCHING THE BID
There are two types of indirect costs:
main office overhead and job site overhead.
