midterms Flashcards
Intensification of worldwide social order which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occuring miles away and vice versa (Giddens)
Globalization
Internationalization and multi nationalization are phases that precede _________ because the latter herald the end of the state system as the nucleus of human activity (Grupo de Lisboa)
Globalization
cross-border communication/collaboration; expanding internationally (product/business)
internationalization
- contradicts nationalism (self-isolating love for country)
- an entity comprising 2/more nation states
Multi-nationalism
defined globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole
(Robertson, 1992)
Defined Globalization as the process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technologies
Sunny Levin Institute
defined globalization as:
the history of globalization is driven by technology, transportation, and international cooperation
PIIE, 2019
defined globalization as:
The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across the world time and across world space
Steger
What are the 5 layers affecting globalization?
politics, economics, society, culture (religion), environment
Tragedy of Commons is related to?
exploitation of resources, which highlight the importance of regulation of resources
○ making current boundaries irrelevant
○ blurs boundaries
○ Erases boundaries; people focusing global level > national
○ Driven by money and resources
○ A social condition characterized by tight economic, political, cultural, and environmental interconnections and flows, making currently existing borders and
boundaries irrelevant
Globality
defined globality as the compression of the world and intensification of its
consciousness as a whole
Rolan Robertson
A concept referring to people’s growing consciousness of belonging to a global
community
Global Imagery
Destabilizes and unsettles the conventional parameters of understanding within
which people imagine their communal existence
Global Imagery
He is a scholar of politics and society, and described 3 types of communities under Global Imagery
Benedict Anderson
What are 3 types of communities according to Benedict Anderson?
Global, National, and Local
Why is local community the most genuine, according to Benedict Anderson?
■ Facial recognition, daily interactions, close ties,
easier to generate emotions.
■ image is much more important because you live in
the same community
■ perception of your image can be much more
perceived because te community knows who you
are
● proximity is telling
over exploitation of shared resources to favor one’s interest
TRAGEDY OF COMMONS
The creation of products/services/communications for the global market that are
adaptable to local cultures (Jankowski, 2019)
Glocalization
The term Glocalization was based around this Japanese word, which means adapting farming techniques to one’s own local condition
Dochakuka
Products should be suited to local taste and interests but should be global in application and reach (Mukhopadhyay, 2021)
Glocalization
this is a prominent example of Glocalization
Mcdonald’s
this is the increasing presence of fast-food business model in common social institution
Mcdonaldization
Coined the term Mcdonaldization
Ritzer (1993)
Survey done by economists that examines the relative over/undervaluation of
currencies based on the relative price of big mac across the world
Big Mac Index
What are the four dimensions of Mcdonaldization?
- efficiency
- calculability
- predictability
- control
a dimension of mcdonaldization that gets the optimum method from getting from one point to another
Efficiency
a dimension of mcdonaldization that gives emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold and services offered
Calculability
a dimension of mcdonaldization that gives emphasis on the assurance that products and services will be the same over time and in all locales
Predictability
a dimension of mcdonaldization that gives emphasis on the non human technology comes to exert control over human workers and
customers
Control
involves the growing interdependence among the economies of the world; the
multifunctional nature of:
○ sourcing, manufacturing, trading, and investment activities; increasing frequency
of cross-border transactions and financing; and the heightened intensity of competition (Cavisgil, 1993)
Globalization of Markets
An example of this is starbucks and the codes in its restrooms
Globalization of Markets
this means that product can be adjusted; operates in a number of countries, and adjusts it’s products
and practices in each – at a high relative cost.
An example of this is Mcdonalds
Multinational corporation
this operates with resolute constancy at low relative cost-as if the entire world were a single
entity; it sells the same things in the same way everywhere (Levitt, 1983)
example is cars and phones
Global Corporation
Equally fundamental, age-old human driver – drive for sustenance, improvement, prosperity, modernization – as it is played out in today’s globalization system. It represents all the
burgeoning global markets, and financial institutions.
The Lexus
One reason that the nation state will never disappear, even if it does awaken, is because
it is the ultimate _________ – the ultimate expression of whom we belong to –
linguistically, geographically and historically
Olive Tree
An attachment to one’s olive trees, when to excess, can lead into?
- exclusion of others
- ultranationalism
- xenophobia
- racism
The ________ represents all the burgeoning global markets, financial institutions, and
computer technologies with which we pursue higher living standards today.
lexus
Multidimensional set of social processes that generate and increase “worldwide social
interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant”
Globalization as a process
Scholte’s transplanetary connectivity (establishment of social links between people
located at different places of the planet – not geographic unit but as a space) and
supra-territoriality (social connections athat transcend territorial geography – renders
borders and barriers irrelevant)
Globalization as a Condition
Is the compression of the geographic space by means of faster transport and
communication.
Time-Space Compression
Asserts that globalization represents a transformative force that is reshaping the world
into a singular, interconnected system.
Hyperglobalist Perspective
This theory posits that national boundaries are becoming increasingly irrelevant
in the face of global economic, political, and cultural integration
Hyperglobalist Perspective
Contrary to the hyperglobalist view, skeptics argue that the impact of globalization is overstated.
Skeptical Perspective
They contend that nation-states continue to wield significant power, and global integration is more limited than often suggested.
Skeptical Perspective
this perspective takes a middle ground, acknowledging that globalization is indeed a powerful force but argues that its effects are varied and
contingent.
Transformationalist Perspective
This theory suggests that while globalization is transformative, its outcomes are shaped by political, social, and cultural factors.
TRANSFORMATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
The world is divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions, each playing distinct roles in the global economic system. This theory emphasizes the structural inequalities perpetuated by globalization
World-Systems Theory
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the diplomatic negotiations between nation-states. It includes the
standardization of global rules around trade, criminality, and the rule of law.
Political Globalization
This explains that globalization leads to the dominance of certain cultural values, primarily those of
western countries, at the expense of local cultures. It highlights the power dynamics in the global flow of cultural products
Cultural Imperialism
Globalization is characterized by the rise of information and communication technologies, leading to the formation of global networks. These networks redefine
social, political, and economic structures.
Network Society Theory
What are the types of globalization
Political, Social, Economic, Technological, Financial, Cultural, Ecological, Geographical
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Also known as sociological globalization, it refers to the integration of our societies. Is is the idea that we now live in a shared society
Social Globalization
Biggest positives of political globalization?
Creates an international rule of law
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the ways corporations do business as multinational organizations nowadays. This can help developing nations increase overall employment but can be considered exploitation of nations with poor working conditions.
Economic Globalization
What is an argument against political globalization?
It involves countries meddling in each other’s business
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the spread and mixing of cultures around the world. Dominant nations like the United States spread their cultures through television and movies, which leads to the dilution and loss of local and Indigenous cultures (i.e. cultural appropriation)
Cultural Globalization
a group of people who all live together
Society
this type of globalization also takes good paying jobs away from developed nations
Economic Globalization
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the spread of technology around the world. The spread of technologies can be interpreted as the ‘rising tide lifts all board argument’
Technological Globalization
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the ease at which money can be spead around the world. It’s now easy and cheap to invest for new business ventures. But many nations also face backlash because overseas companies buy out too much of their businesses which could be a threat to a nation’s sovereignty
Financial Globalization
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the idea that the world needs to be considered one interconnected ecosystem. People should work together to address ecological issues that corss the border of nation-states
Ecological Globalization
What are two climate accords that have been put into place, where each nation agrees to invest in lowering its carbon emissions?
Kyoto Protocol and Paris Climate Agreement
TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the idea that the world is no longer seen as group of distinct nations as much as it once was. We now work in multinational blocs to make decisions, and nations work together to solve problems.
Geographical Globalization
He explained the Different Kinds of Globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration which we call “SCAPES”
Arjun Apparudai
5 scapes according to Apparudai
Ethno, Media, Techno, Finance, Ideoscapes
WHAT SCAPE?
global movement of people
Ethnoscape
WHAT SCAPE?
flow of culture
Mediascapes
WHAT SCAPE?
circulation of mechanical goods and software
Technoscapes
WHAT SCAPE?
global circulation of money
Financescapes
WHAT SCAPE?
realm where political ideas move around
Ideoscapes
How is globalization perceived as an Ideology?
It says that globalization exists in the people’s consciousness – ideas and belief about the global order
What are 6 core claims about globalization?
- liberalization and global integration of markets
- inevitable and irreversible
- nobody’s in charge
- benefits everyone
- furthers democracy
- requires a global war
the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time.
As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of a given country’s economic
health.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP Formula
Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports
Is given in current prices, without adjustment for inflation
Nominal GDP
Has the largest GDP
U.S at $26.9 trillion
What rank is the PH in terms of Nominal GDP?
36th, with $441 billion
Ranked 2nd in GDP, and has $19.4 trillion
China
Ranked third in GDP, and has $4.4 trillion
Japan
Government agencies use it to compare the output of countries that use different exchange rates
Purchasing Power Parity
A theoretical exchange rate that allows you to buy the same amount of goods and services in every country
Purchasing Power Parity
accumulation of annual budget deficits (spending more than its annual tax collections/revenues)
National Debt
The ________________ compares the purchasing power parity (PPP) of various currencies using the price of a Big Mac in the U.S. as the benchmark (Zhu, 2024)
Big Mac Index
If the implied rate is higher than the actual rate, the local currency is ?
Overvalued
If the implied rate is lower than the actual rate, the local currency is?
Undervalued
- the amount a country owes to foreign lenders like individuals, businesses, and other
governments. - It is also called “public debt” or “sovereign debt.”
National Debt
How is national debt good in the short run?
- way to get extra funds to invest in economic growth
- safe way for foreigners to invest in a country’s growth by buying government bonds
How is national debt bad?
- when it’s too much
How does investors measure the level of risk when investing in a country?
They compare national debt to country’s GDP
When does investor start demanding a higher interest rate?
When national debt approaches critical level
This tells you whether it saves enough to pay for its imports.
It also reveals whether the country produces enough economic output to pay for its growth. It is reported for a quarter or a year.
Balance of Payments
In the long term, what happens to a country’s BOP?
country becomes a net consumer, not a producer, of the world’s economic output.
It will have to go into debt to pay for consumption, instead of investing in future growth
What happens when country’s BOP deficit continues?
Country may have to sell off its assets to pay its creditors. These assets include natural resources, land and commodities.
This is over 30% of global commodity exports on average (Rao, 2024)
Oil products
This is 40% of global commodity export per year
Energy
It is a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold. That fixed price is used to determine the value of the currency
The Gold Standard
When did dollar become the basis of currencies?
1944
Also called “Good Delivery Bar”
Gold Bar
Characteristic of a good delivery bar:
- finess (min. 995.0 parts per thousand)
- marks (serial no, year of manuf, refiner’s hallmark, etc)
It conducts monetary policy, using various tools to influence the amount of money circulating in an economy, interest rates charged on loans, and the rate of inflation.
Central Bank
When does inflation occur?
Inflation occurs when prices continue to rise. This makes a country’s currency worth less
than it was before, leading to a decline in purchasing power.
What does it mean when inflation happens?
Inflation means the economy is growing. But high inflation is a problem because it discourages investment and lending and wipes out people’s savings as it erodes the
value of money.
They work hard to keep inflation in check
Central Banks
T OR F
Central banks lend money to commercial banks in times of crisis so that they do not collapse. A central bank is called a lender of last resort.
TRUE
What is the primary objective of BSP?
- maintain price stability
conducive to a balanced and sustainable growth of the economy and employment - It shall also promote and maintain monetary stability and the
convertibility of the peso
T OR F
Central banks push for higher interest rates to curb rising inflation. This discourages
borrowing and spending
TRUE
What happens when there is low inflation and economic slow down?
It compel central banks lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and spending, in effect stimulating economic activity
an increase in oil prices also increases the cost of inputs
for other goods
INFLATION EFFECT
This affects purchasing power
Inflation
Higher inflation means?
lower purchasing power
means “it shall be”
Fiat
- value is derived from government and people’s trust
- not tied to gold or silver anymore (representative money)
- government-issued currency that is not backed by a commodity such as gold
- gives central banks greater control over the economy because they can control how much money is printed
FIAT MONEY
What is one danger of Fiat Money?
When governments print too much money, it results to hyperinflation
Why do countries peg their currencies?
- to maintain stability for investors
- if currency value drops, value of investment drops as well
T OR F
Currencies that depreciate is described as “getting weaker” because you can buy less
foreign currency with it.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
currencies increase in value when lots of people want to buy them,
and they decrease in value when fewer people want to buy them.
true
How does the US dollar benefit the americans?
- cheaper to borrow money (lo interest rates)
- life’s cheaper, increases purchasing power
- advantage to pressure countries to yield according to country’s demand
When was the economic framework Bretton Woods Conference made?
July 1944
The Bretton Woods Conference created ____ ______ ___ and the ____ _____
International Monetary Fund and World Bank
T OF F
General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was made in the Brettib Woods Conference
TRUE
Its primary purpose is to promote global monetary cooperation and international financial stability
International Monetary Fund
monitors the system of pegged or fixed exchange rates
IMF
Provides short-term loands to prevent devaluation and retain the state’s fixed exchange rate during BOP deficit
IMF
Its role is to grant long-term loans for the economic development of less developed countries and the reconstruction of war-torn countries.
The World Bank
It seeks to reduce extreme poverty while addressing the imperfections of global capital markets (Clemens and Kremer, 2016).
The World Bank
What is the two institutions that make up the world bank?
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- International Development Association
It is part of the World Bank that provides lending to middle-income and credit-worthy low-income countries
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
It is only a component of the World Bank Group composed of International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes
World Bank
- power imbalance
- limited policy decision
- supports dictator projects
- weak ability to learn from past mistake
- effective impunity for harms caused
Criticisms on world bank and IMF
This is part of the World Bank which grants and loans to lowest-income countries
International Development Association
Its purpose is to avoid a trade war by raising protectionist barriers.
General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
What is protectionist barrier?
- government policies that restrict international trade to help
domestic industries. - Its goal is to improve economic activity within a domestic
economy but can also be implemented for safety or quality concerns.
All nations are working to increase their own power and overcome the
less powerful. To achieve self-preservation and advance the national interest, deceit and violence are necessary
REALISM
World peace is attainable through international cooperation. Death and economic loss would deter nations from resorting to violence to achieve its interest.
Opposite of realism, and values cooperation
Liberalism
anarchic, which necessitates global governance to maintain
international peace and security
The Global Interstate System
In here, you believe you’re always right, resulting to wards
Realism
When was GATT superseded by the WTO?
1995
It is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main
function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
T OR F
WTO lowers trade barriers through negotiations among member governments, it also
breaks down other barriers between peoples and trading economies
TRUE
A nation’s belief system (historial, cultural, and social) determines its
foreign policy and international behavior. Non-state actors are more important than the state.
Constructivism
It’s the idea that a nations belief system matters when dealing with other countries in terms of foreign policy.
Belief comes from culture and history.
Constructivism
Believes that the capitalist structure of the international system should be dismantled. Cooperative ownership dictated by the people, and not the state, should replace private property to satisfy human needs, rather than private profit
Marxism
Seeks to regulate the power derived from (or denied on the basis of an
individual’s gender. It focuses on tracking political and social developments that inhibit success in female populations.
Feminism
Is a political ideology or perspective that emphasizes cooperation and
collaboration between nations
Internationalism
This believes that countries should work together to address common challenges and pursue common goals while respecting the soveriegnity and interests of individual nations
Internationalism
Represents the idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent in various ways, including
economically, culturally, technologically, and politically.
Globalism
When was the United Nations founded?
October 24, 1945 (San Francisco, USA)
How many nation states does the UN currently have?
193
Who cointed the term “united nation”?
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt
When was the UN Declaration of Human Rights declared?
December 10, 1948
- Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person (Art 3)
- No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms (Art 4) - Served as the foundation of liberal democracy
UN declaration of Human Right
To be a liberal is to be?
A champion of individual rights?
● Economics and Social Council
● Trusteeship Council
● Secretariat
● International Court of Justice
● Security Council
● General Assembly
UN Principal Councils
What are the two non UN member countries?
Vatican and Palestine
- most powerful council in the UN
- determines if there’s a threat or breach of the peace
UN Security General
Who are the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council?
US, China, Russia, Great Britain and France
How many non-permanent members are there in the UN Security Council?
10
● (5) Asia and Africa
● (2) Latin America
● (2) West Europe/others
● (1) eastern Europe
How does the UN Security Council Vote?
- only pemanent members have right to vote
- decisions taken on by vote maye be of procedural, and all other matters
When does a draft not pass in the UN Security Council Voting?
■ If the draft fails to win nine votes, or
■ If a permanent member casts a negative vote (veto)
Procedural Matters mean?
Affirmative vote of the 9 members
This initiative was designed to allow Iraq to sell oil through the U.N. in exchange for food and medicine. But accusations surfaced that much of the money was funneled to the Iraqi government and to U.N. officials
Oil for Food program
All other matters means?
Affirmative vote of 9 members, including the concurring votes of
permanent members
In early 2005, U.N. peacekeepers were accused of rape or paying for sex in the Republic of Congo. Similar allegations of sexual misconduct were also reported
in Cambodia, Haiti and other countries
Sexual Abuse Allegations
This country covers almost 40% of global military expenditures, with its 2022 spend coming to $877 billion (Rao, 2024)
United States
This was created under the Rome Statue (July 17, 1988), enforced in 2002
ICC
● Algeria (2025)
● Ecuador (2024)
● Guyana (2025)
● Japan (2024)
● Malta (2024)
● Mozambique (2024)
● South Korea (2025)
● Sierra Leone (2025)
● Slovenia (2025)
● Switzerland (2024)
Current Non-permanent members of the UN Security Council
- western gov sees them as blotaed
- developing gov sees them as undemocratic and dominated by rich
- parity
- cover-ups
Criticisms on the UN
Countries with low budget on military spending rate
Romania ($5.2 billion)
Denmark ($5.5 billion)
Chile ($5.6 billion)
During this undertaking, the U.N. tried to stop the Rwanda genocide, but the Hutus slaughtered nearly a million members of the Tutsi minority
The 1994 Rwanda Mission
After the 2010 earthquake, U.N.-led Nepali aid workers were blamed for
spreading cholera throughout Haiti. More than 10,000 people died from the outbreak.
Cholera in Haiti
Investigates and, when warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community:
genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression.
International Criminal Court
A U.N. peacekeeping mission, which was established in 2011, was unsuccessful at protecting civilians from death, torture or rape in South Sudan
Crisis in South Sudan
Who is the ICC Filipino Judge that the ICC had?
Raul Pangalangan
How many member-states does the ICC have?
123 members
United States, China, Russia, India, Iraq, Libya, Yemen,
Myanmar, Sudan, Qatar, Israel, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Philippines
Non-members of the ICC
TRUE OR FALSE
The ICC’s 18 judges are elected by the Assembly of States Parties for their qualifications, impartiality and integrity, and serve 9-year, non-renewable term
TRUE
They are the only countries to have withdrawn from the ICC so far
Philippines and Burundi
- funded by member states
- criticized for mostly targeting African Countries
- difficulty holding members accountable
- does not have a police force to enforce its orders
- takes time and resources to finish a case
ICC
The ICC operates on these 2 principles
Complementarity - ICC only intervenes when national jurisdictions are unable to prosecute individuals for international crimes
Presumption of innocence - defendants are considered innocent until proven guilty
After crimes occur:
- Preliminary examinations
- Investigations
- Pre-Trial Stage
- Trial Stage
- Appeals Stage
- Enforcement of sentence
Example investigation and case from start to finish (ICC)
Convicted in 2012 for the war crimes of enlisting and
conscripting children under the age of 15 and using them to participate actively in hostilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Tomas Lubanga Dyilo
Convicted in 2014 for being an accessory to four war crimes
(murder, attacking civilians, destruction of property, and pillaging) and one crime against
humanity (murder) committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Germain Katanga
Convicted in 2016 for war crimes (murder, rape, and
pillaging) and crimes against humanity (murder and rape) committed in the Central
African Republic.
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo
Convicted in 2016 for the war crime of intentionally directing
attacks against historic monuments and buildings dedicated to religion in Mali.
Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi
What is the difference of ICC from ICJ?
● The ICJ has no jurisdiction to deal with applications from individuals, non-governmental organizations, corporations or any other private entity.
● Has no jurisdiction to try individuals accused of war crimes or crimes against humanity
It is the principal judicial organ of the UN to settle legal disputes between states
Internation Court of Justice (ICJ)
It also gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by the UN General Assembly, Security Council, or other authorized organs and agencies.
ICJ
Two types of jurisdiction in the ICJ:
○ Contentious jurisdiction
○ Advisory jurisdiction
type of ICJ jurisditcion, cases where states voluntarily submit disputes to the court. (ICJ Statute, Article 36).
Contentious Jurisdiction
type of ICJ jursdiction where it allows the court to provide non-binding opinions on legal
questions referred to it by UN organs and agencies. (ICJ Statute, Article 36)
Advisoru Jursidiction
TRUE OR FALSE
The ICJ lacks direct enforcement powers. It relies on the consent of states to comply
with its judgments. The court’s judgments carry significant moral and political authority,
and non-compliance can damage a state’s reputation and international standing.
TRUE
This involved Nicaragua’s allegations that the US violated internationallaw by supporting the Contras in their armed conflict against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaraguan harbors.
Nicaragua v. United States (1986)
The ICJ said Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law. While the opinion was non-binding, it influenced the recognition of Kosovo’s independence by
various states.
Kosovo Advisory Opinion (2010)
participating in global affairs. It can take the form of a country participating in global trade, joining multilateral organizations, shaping international norms and standards, entering into military alliances, and promoting cultural exchange.
Engagement
shielding oneself from the outside world. It believes that countries can more easily avoid getting dragged into costly foreign wars. It also protects the country from negative influences, such as drugs and crime
Isolationism
refers to a process of change that affects people’s lives, exploring how the standard of living, wealth and quality of life of the global population varies across our
planet.
Development
Three development indicators
■ Health indicators measure statistics such as nutrition and life expectancy
■ Social indicators include employment and education
■ Economic indicators may examine poverty and GDP per capita figures
Proposed by Willy Brandt (the German Chancellor) in 1980, created a partition between the ‘developed’ North and ‘developing’ South. Brandt came to the
conclusion that more cooperation between countries could ‘build a world in which
sharing, justice, freedom and peace might prevail’
Brandt Line
When was Brandt Line proposed?
1980
Who proposed the Brandt line?
Willy Brandt (German Chancellor)
According to the Brandt Line, what part is the richer nation?
Almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand
According to the Brandt Line, what part is the poorer nation?
located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere.
● ¼ of the world’s people
● ⅘ of the world’s income
● Average life expectancy more than 70 years
● Most people have enough to eat
● Most people are educated
● Over 90% of the world’s manufacturing industry
● About 96% of the world’s spending on research and development
Characteristics of the North
● ¾ of the world’s people
● ⅕ of the world’s income
● Average life expectancy of 50 years
● ⅕ or more suffer from hunger and malnutrition
● ½ of the people have little chance of any education
● Less than 10% of the world’s manufacturing
industry
● 4% of the world’s research and development
Characteristics of the South
● Consists of 64 countries which have high Human Development Index scores
● Considered as More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC) because of their
economic stability and better standards of living and quality of life
Global NOrth
● Considered as Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC) because of unstable
government and poor economy
● Poor standards of living and quality of life
Global South
included the United States and its capitalist allies in places such as Western Europe, Japan and Australia
First World Countries
consisted of the communist Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites, plus China and Cuba
Second World Countries
Are all the other countries that were not actively aligned with either side in the Cold War. These were often impoverished former European colonies, and included nearly all the nations of Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia.
Third World Countries
Used to describe parts of countries in the Third World that are most stricken by poverty
Fourth World Countries
T OR F
The U.S. and China represent almost half of the 3,279 billionaires worldwide, surpassing
other major contenders like India (271) and the UK (146)
TRUE
leader in technology,
particularly in cybersecurity and biotechnology
Israel
heavily depends on agriculture, tourism, and the Suez Canal, but is
constantly challenged by high unemployment and slower growth.
Egypt
This country boasts thriving industries in shipping, fisheries, renewable energy, as well as its
oil and gas reserves. Additionally, it has a well-established welfare system and
infrastructure.
Norway
this country’s economy heavily relies on oil, gas, and minerals, making it more vulnerable to
global commodity price fluctuations and sanctions.
Russia
This country has around 10% of the population possessing about 80% of the country’s wealth.
South Africa
Cecond with the wealthiest 10% owning half of the nation’s wealth. The number of billionaires increased from 51 to 64 between 2023 and 2024
Brazil
Most poor country, struggled with a recurring civil strife and high-level corruption in the last 50 years
Burundi
The 10 poorest countries in the world are from ______. Their poverty was a result of colonization, and later globalization which often favored the rich countries
Africa
a composite statistic used to measure and compare the overall development levels of countries.
Human Development Index
It was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 as an alternative to purely economic assessments of national development.
Human Development Index
Three key dimensions of HDI
○ Health – life expectancy at birth.
○ Education – mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expected
years of schooling for children entering school.
○ Standard of living – measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).
ranked 113th out of 193 countries in the UNDP’s index
Philippines
Life expectancy at birth in PH
72.2 years
● Switzerland - 0.967
● Norway – 0.966
● Iceland – 0.959
● Hong Kong – 0.956
● Denmark – 0.952
Highest HDI score
● Chad – 0.394
● Niger – 0.394
● Central African Republic – 0.387
● South Sudan – 0.381
● Somalia - 0.380
Lowest HDI Score
● Prepared by the Development Policy and Analysis Division (DPAD) of the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA)
World Economic Situtation and Prospects (WESP)
World Economic Situtation and Prospects (WESP) classifies all countries of the world into one of three broad categories:
developed economies, economies in transition and developing economies
total income received by the country from its residents and businesses regardless of whether they are located in the country or abroad (Investopedia, 2018)
Gross National Income (GNI)
Per Capita Gross National Income (GNI) Classification
more than $12,375
High-income
Per Capita Gross National Income (GNI) Classification
between $3,996 and $12,375
Upper middle income
Per Capita Gross National Income (GNI) Classification
between $1,026 and $3,995
Lower middle income
Per Capita Gross National Income (GNI) Classification
less than $1,025
Low income
Tresholds of GNI per capita is established by?
World Bank
- Switzerland - $6,264.54
- Luxembourg - $5,106.23
- Singapore - $4,960.32
- United States - $4,668.81
- Iceland - $4,362.84
- Qatar – $4,166.40
- Denmark - $3,556.10
- Netherlands - $3,527.10
- UAE – $3,490.20
- Norway - $3,441.74
Countries with Highest Average Monthly Net Salary
determined by the United Nations
Economic and Social Council and,
ultimately, by the General Assembly, on the basis of
recommendations made by the
Committee for Development Policy.
List of the least developed countries (LCD’s)
Why is China considered developing?
- china is largest developing country
- High Income and Upper Middle-Income threshold - $12,055 to $12,375 GNI
- China - $10,390 (2019 Gross National Income)
Countries that are classified as “developing” are allowed to export certain goods to the U.S. without being hit by punitive tariffs that are usually imposed on goods from
“developed” countries.
THE U.S TRADE ACT OF 1974
T OR F
The “developing country” status owes its origin to the U.S. Trade
Act of 1974, which authorized the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) to help poor countries develop faster (Perumal, 2020).
TRUE
T OR F
These benefits were extended further under the World Trade Organization wherein rich
countries agreed to grant trade benefits to countries that classified themselves as poor
(Perumal, 2020)
TRUE
