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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

It is a description of how an object moves.

A

Kinematics

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2
Q

Who discovered that motion is determined by forces?

A

Galileo and Newton

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3
Q

In the absence of a net force, an object is at ______ or moves with _______.

A

rest, constant velocity

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4
Q

What model do we use for objects on which the net force is zero?

A

Mechanical Equilibrium Model

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5
Q

A particle at rest is in equilibrium. True or False?

A

True

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6
Q

A particle moving in a _________ at constant velocity is also in ________.

A

straight line, equilibrium

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7
Q

Mathematically: a vector = 0 vector; thus Newton’s second law equation is:

A

Fnet = sigma Fi = 0 vector.

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8
Q

What is the limitation of Mechanical Equilibrium Model?

A

Model fails if the forces aren’t balanced.

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9
Q

Newton’s laws are scalar equations. True or False?

A

False. vector equation

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10
Q

In Newtonian mechanics, what is the formula for acceleration?

A

a = Fnet / m. The forces acting on an object determine its acceleration.

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11
Q

What will happen if the forces acting on object are constant?

A

The object moves in constant acceleration.

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12
Q

In constant force model, the particle accelerates in the direction of the net force. Define it mathematically.

A

Fnet = sigmaFi =ma

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13
Q

What is the limitation of constant force model?

A

The model fails if the forces aren’t constant.

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14
Q

It is an intrinsic property of an object.

A

Mass

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15
Q

An attractive, long-range force between any two objects.

A

Gravity

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16
Q

In gravity, forces are equal on magnitude but opposite in direction. True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Newton’s Law of Gravity equation:

A

F_1on2 or F_2on1 = Gm1m2 / r²

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18
Q

What is the value of G, called the gravitational constant?

A

6.67x10-¹¹ N m2/kg2

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19
Q

Give one of the basic constants of nature.

A

gravitational constant

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20
Q

Gravity is a constant force. True or False?

A

False. The force gets weaker as the distance between the object increases.

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21
Q

gravitational force formula:

A

FG = GM / R²
wherein;
M is basically (m1)(m2)

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22
Q

The direction of the gravitational force defines what we mean by ______.

A

“straight down”

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23
Q

All objects, regardless of mass, have the same free-fall ________.

A

acceleration

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24
Q

What is the average radius of the Earth?

A

6.37x10⁶ m

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25
Q

What is the mass of the earth?

A

5.98x10²⁴ kg

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26
Q

What would be the free-fall acceleration on a stationary earth?

A

9.83m/s²

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27
Q

It is a measurement, the result of “weighing” an object.

A

Weight

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28
Q

Since F_sp is a force, weight is measured in what?

A

Newtons

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29
Q

F_net=0 only if the upward spring force exactly balances the downward ________ of magnitude mg.

A

gravitational force

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30
Q

Having no sensation of weight.

A

Weightlessness

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31
Q

Defined as the force of an object that keeps it from slipping.

A

Static Force

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32
Q

An object remains at rest as long as f_s < fs max and slips when f_s = f_smax. True or False?

A

True

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33
Q

The direction of f_k is always opposite to the direction in which an object slides across the surface. True or False?

A

True

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34
Q

Kinetic friction is proportional to the magnitude of the normal force. f_k =μ_k n where, μ k is called the?

A

coefficient of kinetic friction

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35
Q

A wheel rolling on a surface also experiences friction, but not kinetic friction. What do you call this friction?

A

Rolling Friction

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36
Q

n=

A

mg

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37
Q

The ______ force is opposite in direction to v.

A

Drag

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38
Q

formula for the density (r) of the air

A

1.3kg/m³

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39
Q

Drag increases as v ______.

A

increases

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40
Q

Drag force ______ as an object falls and gains ______.

A

increases, speed

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41
Q

Refers to how forces cause circular motion.

A

Dynamics

42
Q

What is the force that is always directed toward the same point?

A

Central force

43
Q

What do you call a closed trajectory around a planet or star?

A

Orbit

44
Q

The “force” that seems to push an object to the outside of a circle is commonly known as the ________.

A

Centrifugal force

45
Q

What do you call the speed at which n=0?

A

critical speed (v_c)

46
Q

Circular motion with a changing speed is called _______.

A

Nonuniform circular motion.

47
Q

It is a measure of how “hot” or “cold” a system is.

A

Temperature

48
Q

It is related to a system’s thermal energy.

A

Temperature T

49
Q

It is defined as the kinetic and potential energy of the atoms and molecules in a system as they vibrate (solid) or move around (gas).

A

Thermal Energy

50
Q

A system has more thermal energy when it is _______ than when it is _____.

A

hot, cold

51
Q

A tool used to measure the temperature of a system.

A

Thermometer

52
Q

In thermometer, the object’s temperature is determined by the ______ of the column of liquid.

A

length

53
Q

It can be any small macroscopic system that undergoes a measurable change as it exchanges thermal energy with its surroundings.

A

A thermometer

54
Q

What does a thermometer needs to be a useful measuring device?

A

Temperature scale

55
Q

Who sealed mercury in a small capillary tube and observed how it moved up and down the tube as the temperature changed?

A

Anders Celsius

56
Q

Anders Celsius is credited with inventing the ________ scale.

A

Celsius

57
Q

Formula for fahrenheit scale:

A

T_f = (9/5)(C) + 32

58
Q

What can be used as a thermometer?

A

Any physical property that changes with temperature.

59
Q

A useful thermometer has a physical property that changes linearly with temperature. True or False?

A

True

60
Q

What is one of the most important scientific thermometers?

A

constant-volume gas thermometer

61
Q

What relationship does temperature and pressure has?

A

Linear relationship

62
Q

Are all gas extrapolate to zero pressure? Yes or No?

A

Yes, at the same temperature: T_0 = -273°C

63
Q

It is due to the collisions of the molecules with each other and the walls of the container.

A

Pressure in a gas

64
Q

What would it mean if the pressure is zero?

A

All motion had ceased. If there were no motion, system’s thermal energy would be zero.

65
Q

What is the lowest temperature that has physical meaning?

A

absolute zero

66
Q

The SI absolute temperature having the same unit size as the Celsius scale is called ______.

A

Kelvin scale

67
Q

Formula for Celsius to Kelvin:

A

T_K = T_C + 273

68
Q

A temperature scale with the zero point at absolute zero is called an.

A

absolute temperature scale

69
Q

If the temperature is measured on an absolute scale will have T>0. True or False?

A

True

70
Q

What is the temperature scale having the same unit size with Kelvin scale?

A

Celsius scale

71
Q

What is the unit of Kelvin?

A

Simply kelvins, not degrees Kelvin

72
Q

It is the reason why the liquid rises in a thermometer and why pipes, highways, and bridges have expansion joints.

A

Thermal Expansion

73
Q

What is the symbol for the material’s coefficient of linear expansion?

A

a (Greek alpha)

74
Q

For most solids, the _______ in length, ∆L/L, is proportional to the temperature change (∆T).

A

fractional change

75
Q

What metal alloy that is specifically designed to have extremely low thermal expansion?

A

Invar

76
Q

What is the unit of fractional change?

A

per degree Celsius

77
Q

If an object’s volume changes during a temperature change, the fractional change in volume is:

A

∆V/V = B∆T (greek B)

78
Q

What is the B(Greek beta) in the fractional change in volume?

A

coefficient of volume expansion

79
Q

Liquids are characterized by a volume-expansion coefficient but not by a linear-expansion coefficient. Why?

A

Because liquids are constrained by the shape of their container.

80
Q

The volume of water contracts when the temperature is lowered, but not until it reaches __C.

A

4°C

81
Q

Water has a maximum density at what temperature?

A

4°C

82
Q

It is an energy of the system due to the motion of its atoms and molecules and the stretching/compressing of spring-like molecular bonds.

A

Thermal Energy

83
Q

Does the system’s thermal energy exist even if the system is isolated thermally with its environment?

A

Yes

84
Q

Refers to the energy transferred between the system and the environment as they interact.

A

Heat

85
Q

HEAT IS NOT A PARTICULAR FORM OF ENERGY!!!!

A

Okay

86
Q

Heat may cause the system’s thermal energy to change does that make the heat and thermal energy the same?

A

No. Heat is not a form of energy while thermal energy is.

87
Q

It is a state variable that quantifies the hotness or coldness of a system.

A

Temperature

88
Q

Temperature is related to the thermal energy per molecule. True or False?

A

True

89
Q

What is the symbol for specific heat?

A

c

90
Q

What is the specific heat of water?

A

4190J/kg K

91
Q

A measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the individual particles of substance.

A

Temperature

92
Q

It is the TOTAL energy of ALL of the particles.

A

Thermal Energy

93
Q

It refers to the thermal energy moving from a warmer object to a cooler object, trying to reach to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.

A

Heat

94
Q

The amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 K.

A

Specific Heat

95
Q

What is the specific heat of gold?

A

129J/kg K

96
Q

What does uppercase M symbolizes?

A

Mass of an entire system

97
Q

What happens to the metals with small specific heat?

A

They warm up or cool down quickly. (that is why it takes time for water to cool down because it has a very large specific heat).

98
Q

It is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 mol of a substance by 1 K.

A

molar specific heat (C) *uppercased

99
Q

Formula for molar specific heat:

A

Q = nC∆T

100
Q

Most elemental solids have C ≈ 25J/mol K. True or False?

A

True

101
Q

What is heat according to Antoine Laviosier?

A

Heat is a fluid like substance called caloric.

102
Q

What do you call the parameters used to characterized or describe a macroscopic system?

A

State Variables

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 (3 decks)

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