midterms

Question 1

it is the transfer of information from one point to another.

Answer 1

data communication

Question 2

this refers to information that is represented by a sequenceof zeros and ones; the same sort of data that is handled by computers.

Answer 2

data

Question 2

data communication is much like a regular communication among people , which consists of the following parts;______,_______,_______,________.

Answer 2

message
sender
medium
receiver

Question 3

it is information that has been processed and organized, it can be alphabetical, numeric, or symbolic information, including binary-coded alphanumeric symbols, microprocessor op-codes, control codes, user addresses, program data, or database information.

Answer 3

data

Question 4

Telegraph was invented and ___________ developed Morse code in _________.

Answer 4

Samuel F.B. Morse, 1837

Question 5

_______ invented a telegraph multiplexer, which allowed signals from up to six different telegraph equipments in 1874

Answer 5

Emile Baudot

Question 6

Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in ________

Answer 6

1876

Question 7

• the international organization for standardization
• creates the sets of rules and standards for graphics, document exchange, and related technologies
• responsible for endorsing and coordinating the work of the other standards organizations

Answer 7

ISO (international standards organization)

Question 8

• the standards organization for the United Nations and develops the recommended sets of rules and standards for telephone and telegraph communications
• developed three sets of specifications: the V series for modem interfacing, the X series for data communications, and the I and Q series for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Answer 8

ITU-T (CCITT) Consultative committee for international telephony and telegraphy

Question 9

*official standards agency for the United States
*US voting representative for ISO

Answer 9

ANSI (American national standards institute)

Question 10

US professional organization of electronics, computer, and communications engineers

Answer 10

IEEE (institute of electrical and electronics engineers)

Question 11

• Developed the RS (recommended Standard) series of standards for data and telecommunications

Answer 11

EIA (Electronics Industries association)

Question 12

A general term that describes the interface equipment used at the stations to adapt the digital signals from the computers and terminals to a form more suitable for transmission

Answer 12

data terminal equipment (DTE)

Question 13

A general term that describes the equipment that converts digital signals to analog signals and interfaces the DTE to the analog transmission medium

Answer 13

data communications equipment (DCE)

Question 14

two types of data transmission modes based on the number of bits

Answer 14

serial data transmission
parallel data transmission

Question 15

• There is a single transmission line used
• Only one bit is transmitted at one time
• It is often called serial-by-bit transmission
• Used for long distance communications

Answer 15

serial data transmission

Question 16

To transfer data on a parallel link, a separate line is used as a clock signal. This serves to inform the receiver when data is available.

Answer 16

parallel data transmission

Question 17

2 types of data communications circuit configuratiions

Answer 17

two point configuration
multipoint configuration

Question 18

it involves only
two locations or stations; e.g. the transfer of information between a mainframe computer and a remote
computer terminal, two mainframe computers, or two remote computer terminals

Answer 18

two-point configuration

Question 19

this involves three or more stations or terminals; e.g. the interconnection of a single mainframe computer to many remote computer terminals

Answer 19

multipoint configuration

Question 20

data transmission modes based on the direction of exchange of info

Answer 20

simplx
half-duplex
full duplex

Question 21

it is when signals travel
in one direction and one
direction only.

Answer 21

simplex (sx)

Question 22

is when signals travel in both directions , but one at a time.

Answer 22

half-duplex (hdx)

Question 23

k bits is called

Answer 23

data words

Question 24

r is called

Answer 24

redundant

Question 25

n = k+r, n is called ____

Answer 25

codewords

Question 26

it is is the number of differences between corresponding bits.

Answer 26

hamming distance

Question 27

–the process of monitoring the received data and determining when a transmission error occurred –its purpose is to prevent undetected errors from occurring

Answer 27

error detection

Question 28

It is also known as parity check

Answer 28

VRC (vertical redundancy check)

Question 29

a block data bits is organized in rows and columns. ▪Also called as the Two Dimensional Parity ▪The parity bit is calculated for each column and sent along with the data ▪The block of parity acts as the redundant bits.

Answer 29

longitudinal redundancy check (LRC)

Question 30

Only intended receiver understands the message

Answer 30

secrecy

Question 31

Sender and receiver need to confirm each others identity

Answer 31

authentication

Question 32

Ensure that their communication has not been altered, either maliciously or by accident during transmission

Answer 32

message integrity

Question 33

it is is the science of secret, or hidden writing

Answer 33

cryptography

Question 34

it is Practice of hiding messages so that they can not be read by anyone other than the intended recipient

Answer 34

encryption

Question 35

this means Ensuring that users of data/resources are the persons they claim to be and that a message has not been surreptitiously altered

Answer 35

authentication & integrity

Question 36

it is the process of breaking an encryption code

Answer 36

cryptanalysis

Question 37

it is an asset which, like other important business assets, has value to an organization and consequently needs to be suitably protected‟

Answer 37

information

Question 38

it is The quality or state of being secure to be free from danger

Answer 38

information security

Question 39

Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access

Answer 39

confidentiality

Question 40

Safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information and processing methods

Answer 40

integrity

Question 41

Ensuring that authorized users have access to information and associated assets when required

Answer 41

availability

Question 42

A possibility that a threat exploits a vulnerability in an asset and causes damage or loss to the asset.

Answer 42

risk

Question 43

Something that can potentially cause damage to the organisation, IT Systems or network.

Answer 43

threat

Question 44

A weakness in the organization, IT Systems, or network that can be exploited by a threat.

Answer 44

vulnerability

Question 45

The catalyst that performs the threat.

Answer 45

agent

Question 46

Something that causes the agent to act.

Answer 46

motive

Question 47

The outcome of the applied threat. The results normally lead to the loss of CIA

Answer 47

results

Question 48

motivation Challenge Ego Game Playing threat System hacking Social engineering Dumpster diving

Answer 48

external hackers

Question 49

motivation Deadline Financial problems Disenchantment threat Backdoors Fraud Poor documentation

Answer 49

internal hackers

Question 50

motivation revenge political threat System attacks Social engineering Letter bombs Viruses Denial of service

Answer 50

terrorist

Question 51

motivation Unintentional errors Programming errors Data threats Corruption of data Malicious code introduction System bugs

Answer 51

poorly trained

Question 52

it is a technique designed to let one party prove the identity of another party.

Answer 52

entity authentication

Question 53

an attempt by hackers to damage or destroy a computer network system

Answer 53

cyber attack

Question 54

this attack compromises the initial handshake process makes the server unavailable for the actual traffic sends SYN packets repeatedly and eventually overwhelms the targeted server

Answer 54

syn flood attack

Question 55

the attacker fills up the target machine with multiple connection requests makes target machine to timeout, awaiting for permission to connect from the server

Answer 55

TCP SYN flood attack

Question 56

it is a DoS attack where fragmented packets are sent to a target machine this makes the victim's computer too crash overwhelming with packets

Answer 56

tear drop attack

Question 57

is a DoS attack which involves IP spoofing a ping is issued to the entire IP broadcast addresses

Answer 57

smurf attack

Question 58

it happens when the network packets are used to ping the target machine wth large packet size

Answer 58

ping of death attack

Question 59

are millions of computers compromised with viruses by the hacker whos is under control of DDoS attacks

Answer 59

botnets

Question 60

cookies

Answer 60

cross site scripting attack

Question 61

this attack is most common in database-driven websites SQL query is executed to the data base as the input from the client and the server mostly works if a website uses dynamic SQL

Answer 61

SQL injection attack

Question 62

this happens when a hacker hijacks the established connection between a client and server attacker changes the IP address for a trusted client

Answer 62

session hijacking

Question 63

this happens when a hacker manipulates the traffic by being in between the client and server

Answer 63

man-in-the-middle attack

Question 65

it is used to convince the victim that he or she is connected to a trusted and known entity

Answer 65

IP Spoofing attack

Question 66

aka play back attack it happens when a data transmission is hacked and purposely delayed or repeated

Answer 66

replay attack

Question 67

refers to the probability that two random message generates have the same message digest

Answer 67

birthday attack

Question 68

happens by guessing passwords randomnly or in systematic manner

Answer 68

password attack

Question 69

hacking of user confidential information sent over the network occurs through the interuption of network traffic

Answer 69

eavesdropping attack

Question 70

sending an email in the name of trusted sources by an attacker is known as

Answer 70

pishing

Question 71

when pishing attack is conducted on the targeted audience it is called

Answer 71

spear pishing

Question 72

forces user to download malicious program on victim systems exposing personal data

Answer 72

spear pishing attack

Question 73

it consist of a single cable called a backbone connecting all nodes on a network without intervening connectivity devices

Answer 73

bus topology

Question 74

Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle

Answer 74

ring topology

Question 75

One method for passing data on ring networks is _

Answer 75

token passing

Question 76

Every node on the network is connected through a central device called hub or switch.

Answer 76

star topology

Question 77

Each computer connects to every other.

Answer 77

mesh topology

Question 78

is a combination of Bus and Star topology.

Answer 78

tree topology

Question 79

A metallic circuit formed by two conductors insulated from each other; in contrast with a four-wire circuit, it uses only one line or channel for transmission of electric waves in both directions.

Answer 79

two-wire circuit

Question 80

A two-way circuit using two paths so arranged that communication currents are transmitted in one direction only on one path, and in the opposite direction on the other path; the transmission path may or may not employ four wires.

Answer 80

four-wire circuit