MIDTERMS Flashcards
it is a term that describes CR angles or relationships between both parts often are related to imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomic position
body planes
is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portion
sagittal plane
is the plane which divides the body into equal right and left halves
medial plane
is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
it is vertical plane at right angle to median plane
coronal plane
also known as frontal plane
coronal plane
also known as midsagittal
median plane
it divides the body into approximately equal anterior and posterior portion
mid coronal plane
is any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portion
it is perpendicular to both frontal and median plane
horizontal plane
is any plane that can pass through a body part at any angle between three planes
oblique plane
is any plane that transects the pelvis at the top of iliac crests
inter iliac plane
a plane that is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed
occlusal plane
it is the reference position that defines specific surfaces and planes of the body
it describes the body in erect feet together straight ahead, arms slightly abducted with palms facing forward
anatomic position
medial vs _______
lateral
superior vs _______
inferior
anterior vs _______
posterior
proximal vs _______
distal
superficial vs _______
deep
unilateral vs _______
bilateral
ipsilateral vs _______
contralateral
at four quadrants, which are created by an intersection horizontal plane also called the ______________ plane and a median plane
transumbilical plane
the _______ is the landmark you will use to visualize these quadrants while doing assessments
this is the point at which the two plane cross
navel or belly button
give the organs in LUQ
liver
pancreas
stomach
spleen
left kidney
left adrenal gland
give the organs in RUQ
liver
stomach
right kidney
right adrenal gland
gallbladder
duodenum
pancreas
give the organs in LLQ
left ureter
reproductive organs
give the organs in RLQ
appendix
right ureter
reproductive organs
all four quadrant contain portions of _____ and ______ _______
small and large intestines
nine abdominal regions divide the body into even smaller sections by using two __________ planes that run down the middle of the ________ and two horizontal planes
nine abdominal regions divide the body into even smaller sections by using two PARASAGGITAL planes that run down the middle of the CLAVICLE and two horizontal planes
the superior transverse plane is called the ___________ plane and it is located just below the ribs
subcostal plane
the _____________ plane is the inferior transverse plane and it intersects the tubercles of pelvis, running just inferior to navel
intertubercular plane
give the organs in right hypochondriac region
liver
right kidney
gallbladder
large and small intestine
give the organs in epigastric region
liver
stomach
spleen
duodenum
pancreas
adrenal glands
give the organs in left hypochondriac region
liver’s tip
stomach
pancreas
left kidney
spleen
large and small intestine
give the organs in right lumbar region
ascending colon
small intestine
right kidney
give the organs in umbilical region
duodenum
small intestine
transverse colon
give the organs in left lumbar region
descending colon
small intestine
left kidney
give the organs in right iliac region
appendix
cecum
ascending colon
small intestine
give the organs in hypogastric region
bladder
sigmoid colon
small intestine
reproductive organs
give the organs in left iliac region
sigmoid colon
descending colon
small intestine
hypo means _____
below or under
chondriac means _____
cartilage, which is referring to cartilage of ribs
lumbar means _____
vertebrae in your lower back, which are the bones nearest to lumbar
the top of the hip bone has what is called the ________
iliac crest
epi means _____
above or over
gastric means _____
stomach or belly
________ is the landmark for the four quadrant point of intersection
navel
c1
mastoid tip
c2, c3
gonion (angle of mandible)
c3, c4
hyoid bone
c5
thyroid cartilage
c7, t1
vertebral prominens
t1
approx 2” or 5cm above level of jugular notch
t2, t3
level of jugular notch
t4, t5
level of sternal angle
t7
level of inferior angle of scapula
t9, t10
level of xiphoid tip
l2, l3
costal margin, last rib
l3, l4
umbilicus
l4
most superior aspect of iliac crest
s1, s2
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
coccyx
symphysis pubis (greater trochanter)
it is the common variations in shape of human body
it determines size, shape and position of thoracic and abdominal cavities
body habitus
heart: moderately transverse
lungs: moderate length
diaphgram: moderately high
colon: spread evenly
GB: centered on right side upper abdomen
built: moderately heavy
abdomen: moderately long
thorax: moderately short, broad and deep
pelvis: relatively small
50%
sthenic
this body habitus has the organs and characteristics for this are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic types
this is the most difficult to classify
35%
hyposthenic
heart: axis nearly transverse
lungs: short, apices at near clavicles
diaphragm: high
stomach: high
colon: around periphery at abdomen
GB: high
5%
hypersthenic
heart: nearly vertical and at midline
lungs: long
diaphragm: low
stomach: low and medial
colon: low
GB: low
build: frail
abdomen: short
thorax: long, shallow
pelvis: wide
10%
asthenic
front
anterior/ventral
back
posterior/dorsaL
towards head
superior
towards feet
inferior
towards median plane
medial
away the median plane
lateral
near the source/beginning
proximal
parts away from the source or beginning
distal
towards head
cephalad/cephalic/cranially
towards feet
caudal/caudad
near the skin surface
superficial
away from skin surface
deep
same side of the body
ipsilateral
opposite side of the body
contralateral
refers to one side of the body
unilateral
refers to both side of the body
bilateral
refers to the sole or posterior surface of foot
plantar
refers to the top or anterior surface of foot
dorsum or dorsal
refers to palm or anterior of the hand
palmar
it is the process of recording an image of a body part
radiography
is the device that receives the energy of the xray beam and forms the image of the body part
image receptor
a device that contains special screen that glow when struck by xray and imprints the xray image on film
cassette with film
a device used for CR similar to conventional IS housed in special cassette that contains special phosphorous that store the xray image
image plate
a flat panel thin film transistor detector or charge coupled device used for direct DR radiography
the fastest processing system with image available in 6 seconds or less
solid state detectors
xray strike a ___________ screen, where the image is formatted and is transmitted to a television monitor via camera
a real time device
fluoroscopic screen
end result of an exacting technical procedure
permanent record of the part under study
radiograph
density must be within the diagnostic range
optical density
anatomic structure must be compared with ____________ structure to ensure that structure is present or properly visible
adjacent structure
relationship of the anatomic ___________ to size, shape, position must be reviewed
superimposition
difference in density between two areas in radiograph and must be sufficient to allow radiographic distinction of adjacent structures with different tissue densities
contrast
the ability to visualize small structures and must be sufficient to clearly demonstrate the desired anatomic part
recorded detail
identification of the radiograph:
patient’s name
_____
_____ identity
_____ number
age
identification of the radiograph:
patient’s name
date
institution identity
xray number
age
lying on back facing upward
supine
lying on abdomen facing downward
prone
upright position to stand or sit
erect
lying down in an position (prone, lateral, supine)
recumbent
lying on back (supine)
dorsal recumbent
a recumbent position with the body tilted with head lower than the feet
trendelenburg
a recumbent position with the body tilted with head higher than the feet
fowlers
a recumbent oblique position (semi prone) with the patient lying on the anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed
sim’s position
position where the knees are as closed as possible to the chest
genu pectoral/knee chest
___________ is named by the side closed to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits
lateral
__________ refers to an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at right angle to the IR
oblique
_________ position assumed in lying down
always performed with the CR horizontal
decubitus
is the process of recording a body part to an image receptor
it describes the direction or the path of the CR of the xray beam as it passes through the patient projecting an image on the IR
projection
the inferior superior axial view is also known as ___________ ______ of the shoulder
it is an orthogonal projection to the AP view and replaces the lateral shoulder projection
lawrence view
mentomeatal line is same as putting the TEA just below the bottom of the maxillary sinus
waters view/parieto-acanthial projection
the distance from the anode inside the xray tube to the IR
directly affects magnification of the body part and recorded detail
source to image receptor distance
_______ the SID, the less the body part is magnified and the greater the recorded detail
greater
is an unnecessary movement of the part under study
motion
3 types of muscular tissue that affect motion
smooth
cardiac
striated
heart pulsation
chill
peristalsis
tremor
spasm
pain
smooth muscle
nervousness
discomfort
excitability
mental illness
fear
breathing
striated muscle
how to control motion?
giving ____ instructions
providing patient _____
adjusting _______
use _____ exposure time
giving clear instructions
providing patient comfort
adjusting support/immobilization devices
use fast exposure time
The information that results from performing the radiographic examination generally shows the ___________ or ________ of abnormality or trauma.
The information assists in the ________ and treatment of the patient. accuracy and ________ __ _______ are essential in each radiologic examination.
The information that results from performing the radiographic examination generally shows the PRESENCE OR ABSENCE of abnormality or trauma.
The information assists in the DIAGNOSIS and treatment of the patient. accuracy and ATTENTION TO DETAIL are essential in each radiologic examination.
five functions in radiographic examination
__________ the body part and alignment of CR and IR
application of _______ ______ measures and devices
selection of ________ factors on the control panel
_________ to the px related to respiration and initiation of xray procedure
processing of the IR
POSITIONING the body part and alignment of CR and IR
application of RADIATION PROTECTION measures and devices
selection of TECHNICAL factors on the control panel
INSTRUCTIONS to the px related to respiration and initiation of xray procedure
processing of the IR
depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, lengthens and expands the lung fields, elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly, and elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine
inspiration or inhalation
elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, shortens the Lung fields, depresses the sternum, and lowers the ribs and Increases their angle near the spine
expiration or exhalation
For AP or PA projections that include both the right and left sides of the body, _ marker is typically used.
right marker
For lateral projections of the head and trunk, always mark the side closest to the IR. Marker is typically placed ______ to the anatomy.
anterior
For oblique projections that include both the right and left sides of the body, the side down or ________ the IR is typically marked.
nearest
For limb projections, use the appropriate R and L marker. It should be placed within the _____ of the collimator border.
edge
the beam of radiation must be ________ enough to irradiate only the area under examination
narrowed
xray beam restriction serve two purposes
minimizes the amount of radiation to the px
produces radiograph that demonstrate excellent recorded detail
bounded by the sternum anteriorly, lungs laterally and vertebral column posteriorly
contains all the thoracic structures except the lungs and pleura
mediastinum
surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm
divided into right and left parts by a median structure
thoracic cavity
bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the:
stomach
intestines
spleen
kidneys
liver
pancreas
peritoneum
abdominal cavity
a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the
urinary bladder
part of the large intestine
the internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
The radiographers responsibility is to select the combination of exposure factors that produces the __________ _______ of radiograph for each region of the body and to standardize this quality.
The radiographers responsibility is to select the combination of exposure factors that produces the DESIRED QUALITY of radiograph for each region of the body and to standardize this quality.
Certain conditions require the radiographer to _________ when establishing an exposure technique
Certain conditions require the radiographer to COMPENSATE when establishing an exposure technique
conditions that require an increase in technical factor
pneumonia
pleural effusion
hydrocephalus
enlarged heart
edema
ascites
conditions that require an decrease in technical factor
old age
pneumothorax
emaciation
emphysema
degenerative arthritis
atrophy
