MIDTERMS Flashcards
It is an activity intended to save lives and property. It is one of the most important emergency services in a community.
Fire fighters battle fires that break out in homes, factories, office buildings, shops, and other places. Fire fighters risk their lives to save people and protect property from fires.
Today, firefighting organizations in most industrialized nations have well-trained men and women and a variety of modern firefighting equipment.
FIREFIGHTING
The first firefighters were
Roman slaves who were called
Familia Publica.
500 BC
Emperor Augustus created the Vigiles, a fire fighting force of 7,000 men that was divided into seven regiments
AD 6
The King of France bought 12 pumps, and a private fire service was established.
1600
Better equipment for getting water to fires and for fighting fires was developed
1500
Jan van der Heide invented a flexible hose, which could be joined together to form a long pipe.
1672
London insurance companies began to cooperate and a single London Fire Engine Establishment was formed
1800
The Great Fire of London in 1666 led to the development of fire Insurance industries in
England.
1666
The company of firemen was mostly taken over by the army
1750
The German company
Daimler invented the first petrol-driven pump
1885
Napoleon ordered the creation of the Battalion de Sapeurs Pompiers and the French Fire
Brigade was born
1810
Petrol-powered fire engines were introduced
Early 1900s
Creation of BFP
DILG Act of 1990 (Chapter 4,
• PD # 1185, PD # 1096
Section 53-59)
Purpose of BFP
To be responsible for the prevention and suppression of all destructive fires and to enforce the laws on the fire
Referring to the various method used by the bureau
to stop, extinguish and control destructive fire for
prevention of loss of life and property.
FIRE protection
OBJECTIVES OF FIRE PROTECTION
- To prevent destructive fire from starting
- To extinguish on going destructive fire
- To confine destructive fire at the place where it began
- To prevent loss of life and proper when fire starts
The Bureau of Fire
Protection is composed of well-trained fire fighters. They bring with them ladders and pumps.
Fire Prevention and Suppression
operate trucks called engine
Engine Companies
use ladder trucks
Ladder Companies
Any condition or act that increases or may cause increase in the probability that fire will occur or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the safeguard of life and property.
Fire Hazards
Conditions of Fire Hazard
- Existence of dangerous or unlawful amount of combustible or explosives in the building.
- Defective or improperly installed facilities/equipment.
- Lack of adequate exit facilities.
- Obstruction at fire escapes or other designated opening to fighters.
- Dangerous accumulation of rubbish waste and other highly combustible materials.
- Accumulation of dust in ventilation system or of grease in the kitchen.
- Building under repair.
- Very old building or building primarily made of combustible materials.
this refers to fire
suppression activities done by trained and professional firefighters.
FIREFIGHTING OPERATIONS
- PRE-FIRE PLANNING
- EVALUATION - SIZE - UP
3.EVACUATION - ENTRY
- RESCUE
- EXPOSURE
- CONFINEMENT
- VENTILATION
9.SALVAGE - EXTINGUISHMENT
- OVERHAUL
- FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
Procedures
this activity involves developing and defining systematic course of actions that maybe performed in order to realize the objectives of fire protection: involves the process of establishing the SOP in case fire breaks out.
PRE-FIRE PLANNING
these are procedures that must be observed and followed in order to effectively suppress fire
FIREFIGHTING OPERATIONS
also called as (on-the-spot planning or sizing-up the situation)
this is the process knowing the emergency situation. It involves mental evaluation by the operation officer-in-charge to determine the appropriate course of action that provides the highest probability of success.
Evaluation size up
EVALUATION OF THE SITUATION
a. Learn the facts of the situation
b. Understand the probabilities of fatal behavior of fire-
c. Know your own situation or capabilities
d. Determine the specific course of action
This the activity of transferring people, livestock, and property away from the burning area to minimize damage or destruction that the fire might incur in case it propagates to other adjacentbuildings.
Evacuation
This is the process of accessing the burning structure. ____ maybe done in a forcible manner.
Entry
A. TO PROVIDE ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTERS WITH EQUIPMENT FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHMENTS
B. TO PROVIDE RESCUE
C. TO AID IN VENTILATION
Purposes of Conducting Forcible entry
This is the operation of removing (extricating), thus saving, people and other livestock from the burning building and other Involved properties, conveying them to a secure place
Rescue
this is the activity of securing other buildings near the burning structure in order to prevent the fire from the extending to another building.
exposure
This is the activity of restricting the fire at the place (room): where it started: the process of preventing fire from extending from another section or form one section to another section
« of the involvedbuilding.
Confinement
This the operation purposely conducted to displace toxic gases.
It includes the process of displacing the heated atmosphere within the involved building with normal air from outside atmosphere.
Ventilation
The activity of protecting the properties from preventable damage other-than the fire.
Salvage
This is the process of putting out the main body of fire by using the 4 general methods of fire extinguishments.
Extinguishment
This is the complete and detailed check of the structure and all materials therein to eliminate conditions that may cause re-flash; involves complete extinguishments of sparks or smouldering (glowing) substances (embers) to prevent possibilities of re ignition or rekindling.
Overhaul
This is the final stage of fire suppression
activities. It is an inquiry conducted to know or determine the origin and cause of fire
Fire Scene Investigation
handheld active fire protection systems in the form of devices that apply agents or substances that are designed to control fire or to extinguish it in full. It either reduces or cools the temperature, smothers the heat, replaces the oxygen or a combination of the three so that a fire could be extinguished.
fire extinguishers
They could also be seen as mechanical instruments made of metal that contain chemicals, fluids, or gasses that serve the purpose of halting the growth or the continuous burning of a fire.
fire extinguisher
contains H20 and labeled with a RED color.
water fire extinguisher
CLASS A FIRES (Solid combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth) AND SOMETIMES IN CLASS B FIRES
WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
contains a mixture of water substances and foam materials (composed of sodium carbonate and aluminum sulfate) that creates a blanket that could smother a fire.
FOAM EXTINGUISHERS
Used mostly for:
CLASS A FIRES (Solid combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth) AND CLASS B (Flammable liquids such as diesel and fuel) FIRES
FOAM EXTINGUISHERS
contains a dry chemical or foam which mostly consists of phosphates and sulfates which interrupts the chemical reaction of the production of a fire.
DRY CHEMICAL
Used mostly for:
ALL CLASSES OF FIRES
DRY CHEMICAL
contains liquefied gasses such as Carbon Monoxide gas in order to put out fires.
LIQUEFIED FIRE EXTINGUISHER
used mostly for class a, b and c
LIQUEFIED FIRE EXTINGUISHER
This extinguisher contains 3 containers one with water and one with Sodium Bicarbonate and a separate container with Sulfuric acid. When the extinguisher is upside down the container with the Sulfuric acid breaks and mixes with Sodium Bicarbonate.
SODA ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
used mostly for class a fires
SODA ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
contains non-conducting liquid usually referred to as Carbon tetrachloride or Chlorobromomethane.
VAPORIZING LIQUID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Used mostly for:
CLASS B AND C FIRES
VAPORIZING LIQUID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
contains CO2 which mostly removes the presence of sources of Oxygen near a fire.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Used mostly for class b and c fires
CARBON DIOXIDE
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (7)
WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FOAM EXTINGUISHERS
DRY CHEMICAL
LIQUEFIED FIRE EXTINGUISHER
SODA-ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
VAPORIZING LIQUID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
CARBON DIOXIDE
materials or substances that are used to suppress or extinguish fires. These agents are selected based on their ability materials or substances that are used to suppress or extinguish fires. These agents are selected based on their ability to interrupt the combustion process in different ways such as cooling the fire, creating a barrier between the fuel and the oxygen , or removing one or more elements of the fire triangle.
EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
is a synthetic foam-forming liquid designed for use with fresh water.
aqueous film forming foam
is a chemical that can deliver a quick smothering action to the flames, reducing the oxygen and suffocating the fire.
CARBON DIOXIDE
is also known as Bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF). This is a streaming agent that is effective on all common types of fires (A, B, C) and is used only in portable, hand-held fire extinguishers.
HALON 1211
is used in ABC Fire Extinguisher such as mono-ammonium phosphate [NH.)H,PO,], a dry chemical with the ability to quickly put out all three classes of fire (A, B, C) by smothering the flames. They are the most versatile as they can be used to extinguish common combustible, flammable liquid, and live electrical equipment fires.
MULTI PURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL
Used mostly for:
CLASS A (ordinary fires) and B (liquid fires) FIRES
AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
Used mostly for:
CLASS B (liquid fires) and C (electrical fires) FIRES
CARBON DIOXIDE
Used mostly for:
CLASS B (liquid fires) and C (electrical fires) FIRES, but is also effective in
CLASS A (ordinary fires) FIRES
HALON 1211
Used mostly for:
CLASS A (ordinary fires), B (liquid fires), and C (electrical fires) FIRES
MULTI PURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL
Pull pin at the top of the extinguisher, breaking the seal. When in place, the pin keeps the handle from being pressed and accidentally operating the extinguisher.
Immediately test the extinguisher. (Aiming away from the operator) This is to ensure the extinguisher works and also shows the operator how far the stream travels
PULL
Approach the fire standing at a safe distance. Aim the nozzle or outlet towards the base of the fire.
AIM
Squeeze the handles together to discharge the extinguishing agent inside. To stop discharge, release the handles.
SQUEEZE
Sweep the nozzle from side to side as you approach the fire, directing the extinguishing agent at the base of the flames. After an A Class fire is extinguished, probe for smoldering hot spots that could reignite the fuel.
SWEEP
They are necessary to alert fire fighters to the outbreak of a fire. Most fire alarms are telephoned to the fire department.
Many countries have introduced a simple, 3-digit number as the telephone number to call in emergencies. This number can be dialed from almost any telephone and from most pay phones without a coin. Dialing this number is free.
In the Philippines, the emergency line is 166.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
are clothing for protection against flames, falling objects, and other hazards. They wear coats and trousers made of fire-resistant material. Other clothing includes special boots, gloves, and helmets. Firefighters also use a breathing apparatus to avoid inhaling smoke and toxic gasses.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHES
are specialized vehicles used by fire departments and emergency services to respond to fires, rescues, and other emergencies. These vehicles are equipped with various tools and equipment to assist firefighters in their operations. There are several types of fire vehicles, each serving a specific purpose in firefighting and rescue operations.
FIRE VEHICLES
ENUMERATE THE FIRE VEHICLES
ENGINES
LADDER APPLIANCES
FIRE FIGHTING VEHICLES
RESCUE VEHICLES
SPECIAL FIRE VEHICLES
also known as pumpers, are the most common type of fire vehicle. They are equipped with water tanks, pumps, hoses, and other fire fighting equipment. Fire engines are used to transport firefighters to the scene of a fire and supply water for firefighting operations.
They can also carry additional equipment such as ladders and tools.
ENGINES
commonly known as ladder trucks or aerial ladder trucks, are equipped with extendable ladders or platforms to reach tall buildings and structures. These vehicles are essential for rescuing people trapped in high-rise buildings and for accessing elevated areas during firefighting operations. Ladder appliances may also carry additional equipment for ventilation and forcible entry.
LADDER APPLIANCES
In addition to fire engines and ladder appliances, there are other specialized fire-fighting vehicles used by fire departments. These include brush trucks for fighting wildfires in rural areas, tanker trucks for transporting large quantities of water to remote locations, and foam trucks for extinguishing flammable liquid fires. Each type of fire-fighting vehicle is designed to meet specific operational requirements.
FIRE FIGHTING VEHICLES
are equipped with tools and equipment for extricating people from vehicles involved in accidents, collapsed buildings, or other emergency situations. These vehicles may include heavy rescue trucks with hydraulic tools for cutting through metal, as well as technical rescue units for responding to incidents such as trench collapses or confined space rescues.
RESCUE VEHICLES
include hazardous materials (hazmat) units for responding to chemical spills and other hazardous material incidents, as well as mobile command centers for coordinating large-scale emergency responses. Special fire vehicles are designed to handle specific types of emergencies that require specialized training and equipment.
SPECIAL FIRE VEHICLES
encompasses a range of safety measures aimed at preventing the initiation of harmful fires. Not only do fires result in significant damage to property, but they also account for numerous fatalities.
FIRE PREVENTION
Numerous countries have established codes and standards mandating the use of specific fire-retardant materials and electrical wiring in structures.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS AND REGULATION
Fire departments and other public agencies conduct inspections of public premises to identify fire hazards and recommend necessary corrective measures. Additionally, some communities offer homeowners the option to have their residences inspected for potential fire risks.
PROPERTY INSPECTION
Education plays a crucial role in fire prevention initiatives as human actions contribute to the majority of fire incidents.
Fire departments, community organizations, and educational institutions educate both children and adults about fire hazards, fostering a collective effort to minimize fire occurrences within communities.
PUBLIC EDUCATION ON FIRE SAFETY AND PREVENTION
ENUMERATE THE TELL TALE SIGNS OF ARSON
BURNED BUILDING
SEPARATE FIRES
COLOR OF SMOKE
COLOR OF FLAME
AMOUNT OF HEAT
SMOKE MARKS
SIZE OF FIRE
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
INTENSITY
ODOR
CONDITION OF CONTENT
the type of the building may indicate a set fire under certain circumstances. A fire of considerable size at the time the first apparatus arrives at the scene is suspicious if a modern concrete or semi-concrete building is involved.
BURNED BUILDING
when two or more separate fires break out within a building. The fire is certainly suspicious.
SEPARATE FIRES
some fires burn with little or no smoke but they are exceptions.
The observation of the smoke must be made at the start of the fire since once the fire has assumed a major proportion, the value of the smoke is lost, because the smoke will not indicate the material used by the arsonist.
COLOR OF SMOKE
When it appears before the water from the fire hose comes in contact with the fire, it indicates humid material burning. Examples are burning hay, vegetable materials, phosphorus (with garlic odor).
WHITE SMOKE
It causes irritation to the nose and throat, lacrimation, and coughing indicating presence of chlorine.
BITING SMOKE
It indicates lack of air, if accompanied by large flames it indicates petroleum products or rubber, tar, coal, and turpentine.
BLACK SMOKE
It indicates presence of nitrocellulose, sulfuric acid, hydrogen gas, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid.
REDDISH SMOKE
The color of the flame is a good indication of the intensity of the fire, an important factor in determining incendiarism, the act or practice of illegal burning or simply arson. Sometimes, the color of the flame can also indicate the nature of the combustible substance present.
COLOR OF FLAME
Indicate petroleum
red flame
Indicate alcohol as accelerant
blue flame
A reddish glow indicates heat of 5000 degrees centigrade, a real bright read about 100 degrees centigrade.
amount of heat
An experienced investigator can determine the volume of smoke involved at a fire and the character as residue deposited on walls or elsewhere.
Smoke in marks have often been of assistance in determining the possibility of a fire having more than one place of origin.
smoke marks
This is important when correlated with the type of alarm, the time received and the time of arrival of the first fire apparatus. Fires make what might be termed a normal progress. Such progress can be estimated after an examination of the material that burned the building and the normal ventilation offered by the fire.
The time element and the degree of headway by the flames become important factors to determine factors to determine possible incendiarism.
size of fire
While it is admitted that no two fires burn in identical fashion, yet it can be shown that fire makes normal progress through various types of building materials, combustibility of contents, channel of ventilation and circumstances surrounding the sending of alarm, an experienced investigator can determine whether a fire spread abnormally fast.
direction of travel
The degree of heat given off by a fire and the color of its flame often indicate that some accelerant has been added to the material normally present in a building and the investigator must look for further evidence pointing to the use of such accelerants. Difficulty in extinguishing the fire is often a lead to suspect presence of such fluid as gasoline and kerosene.
intensity
The odor of gasoline, alcohol, kerosene and other inflammable liquids which are often used as accelerants is characteristic and oftentimes arsonists are trapped because of this telltale sign. Most fire-setters are inclined to use substances which will make the blaze certain and at the same time burn up any evidence of their crime.
odor
Persons tending to set their house on fire frequently remove objects of value either materially or sentimentally. Store and other business establishments oftentimes remove a major portion of their content or replace valuable merchandise without style articles.
condition of content
