midterms Flashcards
1
Q
this is the most obvious of all sound effects. it is the use of words whose sounds suggest their meanings
A
onomatopoeia
2
Q
it is the use of a succession of the same consonant, usually at the beginning of successive words
A
alliteration
3
Q
drama by its nature is enacted through actions. this is achieved through conflict between the protagonist and an antagonist
A
enactment of drama
4
Q
is the term which linguistx use to denote pointing expressions like “this” and “that” or “here” and “there” which are speaker-related
A
deixis
5
Q
linguists make a distinction between what they call given and new information, in terms of how information is arranged by speakers
A
given versus new information
6
Q
a long lyric poem with serious theme written in an elevated style
A
ode
7
Q
it is the most widespread and most formal of lyric poems
A
sonnet
8
Q
gives a verbal depiction, in verse, of a series of connected events and it drives caharacters through a plot.
A
narrative poetry
9
Q
a long narrative poem, grabd both in theme and style and it deals with famous or historical events of national or universal significance, involving actions of broad sweep and grandeur
A
epic
10
Q
is derived from the serious epic and satirizes present-date ideas or situations in a form and style burlesquing the serious epic
A
mock epic
11
Q
a song transmitted orally, which tells a story. it is a vital form of folk poetry which was adapted for literary uses from the sixteenth century onwards.
A
ballad
12
Q
the purpose of this powm is principally to teach some lesson and this can take the form of very precise instructions
A
didactic poetry
13
Q
the repetition of the same consonant at the beginning of words that are close together
A
alliteration
14
Q
this refers to the repetition of vowel souns to stress words or ideas and is used to add a musical quality to a poem
A
assonance
15
Q
gives a musical quality to poetry and occurs at the ends of lines in a poem
A
rhyme
16
Q
poets use this to add excitement to the sound of a poem and it is the imitation of natural sounds by words
A
onomatopoeia
17
Q
the ability to see similarity in things dissimilar
A
metaphor
18
Q
expresses a comparison between two unlike things with the use of “as” or “like”
A
simile
19
Q
a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole or vice versa
A
synecdoche
20
Q
this is aform of comparison which attributes human characteristics to abstravtion or things which are not human
A
personification
21
Q
this is a figure of speech in which an object is used to stand for its users
A
metonymy
22
Q
a literary device that is dryly humorous or lightly sarcastic within a speech in which words are used to convey a meaning contrary to their literal sense and is an expression of double meaning, and a statement in which words suggests the opposite of their literal sense
A
irony
23
Q
this is an exaggeration employed to give force or intensity to a statement. it is a form of inordinate exaggeration according to which a person or thing is depicted as being better or worse, or larger or smaller, than is actually the case
A
hyperbole
24
Q
enrails a situation where the reader or audience knows something about what’s happening in the plot, about which the characters has/have no knowledge
A
dramatic irony
25
an expression of truth by means of a particular symbolic meaning. the symbolic meaning can be either a character taking on the role of a personal quality or trait, or it can be clues that lead to a deeper meaning
allegory
26
to capture the conflicts and conplex meanings of the characters experiences through the individual words
pun
27
a dramatic speech uttered by a character speaking aloud alone on the stage
soliloquy
28
passive sentences to avoid personal responsibility and peculiar words and expressions such as transfer of service, termination of appointment
the register of bureaucracy
29
use of archaic words and expressions and absence of punctuations, peculiar words and expressions such as plaintiff, respondent, accused
legal register
30
use of exact and precise words / expressions and passive constructions to imbue the register with impresonal or scientific objectivity
the register of science
31
this type of discourse refers to what is happening like the nature of the social interaction taking place and what is it that the participants are engaged in
field
32
also known as the style of discourse. this accounts for the fomality or informality of the linguistic medium, it further identifies who is taling part in the discourse
tenor
33
the symbolic organization of text, it emphasizes the channel of communication such as spoken/written and other modes by which communication or thoughts can be expressed
mode
34
literature is seen as one of the manifestation and vehicles of a nation’s or race nature and tradition it includes the entire compels of what goes under this approach
cultural approach
35
literature is viewed as the expression of personality of inner drives or neurosis and it includes the psychology of the author, of the characters, and even the paychology of creation
psychological approach
36
literature is viewed to elucidate “reacting response” which is considered as something very personal, relative, and fruitful
impressionistic approach
37
the description and analysis of the variability forms of linguistic items in actual language use
style
38
study of the different styles that are present in either a given utterance or a written text or document
stylistics
39
studies is concerned with the varieties of language and the exploration of some of formal linguistic features which characterize them
linguistic stylistics
40
this depends on the situation and genre the writer chooses in expressing thoughts and opinions. two important choice planes are open to the writer: the paradigmatic and the syntagmatic
style as choice
41
every individual has his or her own unique way of doing things and that no two persons are of exactly the same character
style as the Man or style as individuality
42
there are rules, conventions and regulations that guide the different activities that must be executed and which define the norm
style as deviation from the norm
43
language is rule-governed style as conformity can be seen as the first available option for a writer to express himself
style as conformity
44
this style also relates to ____ this is so because language is dynamic — it is always changing
style as period or time
45
usually language is used according to this style. it is the context that determines language choice in speaking or writing
style as situation
46
4 goals of stylistics
to establish discourse peculiarities
to induce appreciation of discourses
to ascertain linguistics habits
to make critical judgements
47
characterize the discourse of a writer, speaker, period, people or genre. it helps us identify the british english style as different from the american english style
to establish discourse peculiarities
48
to increase the enjoyment of the discourse, it opens the readers mind to the form and function and it unfolds the beauty in authorial and characters linguistic choices and open the reader or listens mind to the aesthetic appeals of such choices
to induce appreciation of discourses
49
an authors style is the product of a particular linguistic habits, conditioned by some social, cultural, and ideological environment
to ascertain linguistic habits
50
the application of stylistics on a discourse may help a stylistician to make an evaluative or critical judgement
to make critical judgement
51
a stylistician can reasonably explore and give descriptions of the physical appearance of a literary text
graphological features
52
management of the segmental (vowels and consonants) and the suprasegmental units of language
phonological features
53
the identification of the effects created by the various sentence types in a text such as ellipses, parataxis, hypotaxis, right and left-branching sentences
syntactic features
54
produce denotative, connotative, collocative, affective, thematic, or stylistic meanings based on the speakers or weiter intention
lexico-semantic features
55
explores the linguistic features of a text and points out those linguistic choices which a writer or speaker has made as well as the effects of the choices
linguistics stylistics
56
words may be repeated, synonyms or near-synonyms may be used
lexical repetition
57
has to do with the arrangement of units larger than the word, these units include groups/phrases, clauses and sentences
syntactic features
58
refers to how sound is organised to be meaningful
phonological features (sounds)
59
arrangement of words based on their meanings
graphological features
60
synonymous with to literary criticism, in a way. the purpose is to explain the individual message of the writer in terms which makes it important clear to others
literary stylistics
61
this type of stylistics stemmed from the strand of modern subjective criticism called _____ otherwise known in the german school of criticism as reception aesthetics
reader-response stylistics
62
attracts to the fascinating insights proferred by the reader-response criticism on the process of criticizing a text
affective stylistic
63
writer / speaker oriented and focuses on style as purely the representation of the personality of the author
expressive stylistics
64
reader / hearer oriented and its focus is on the consumers
affective stylistics
65
part of the manifestations of linguistic stylistics and shows the meeting point between pragmatics and stylistic
pragmatic stylistic
66
a teacher is guided by certain strategies or objectives
pedagogical stylistics
67
the application of stylistics to crime detention and is possible to determine the author of a text and may be applied to confessional statements to the police
forensic stylistics
68
combines phonic (audible noises) and graphic (visible marks) subtance of language
phono-graphology
69
consists of twenty vowels (12 pure vowels & 8 dipthongs) and twenty-four (15 voiced and 9 voiceless) consonant
segmentals
70
refers to the degree of force or loudness with which a syllable is pronounced
suprasegmental
71
study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences, the philosophical and scientific study of meaning
semantics
72
concerned with the meaning of words and and the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word
lexical semantics
73
if the word is an identifiable unit of language, then, it must be possible to isolate a core stable meaning that enables its consistent use by a vast number of users in different situations
lexico semantics
74
the meanings represented in the lexicon are interrelated because they cluster together to form fields of meaning wich in turn of metamorphose to a larger field of entailment. closely related to the notion of semantic field
lexical relations
75
refers to the conceptual meaning of a word, it is the plain or central meaning of a word and is easily expresses in terms of componential features and said to be its literal, objective meaning
denotative meanings
76
additional, suggestive, personal or cultural meaning and can be regarded as a subjective meaning
conotative meaning
77
a stretch of grammatically coherent words without a subject and finite verb, unless it is a verbal group
the group
78
higher in rank than a group, a group of grammatically coherent words with a subject and a finite verb
the clause
79
referred to as “down-grading” and two units of grammar that could rankshift are the group and the clause
the notion of rank shifting
80
as a grammatical category in relation to the verbal group relates to whether the subject acts or is acted upon.
the grammatical category of voice
81
has to do with sense and when a text or discourse makes sense to the reader, the text is said to have this and accounts for the meaningfulness or relavance of a text
coherence
82
from the latin word “sticking together” is a term in functional grammar that relates to how texts (words and sentences) are held together lexically and grammatically as a whole and defines the textuality of a text
cohesion
83
means using pronouns or determiners to refer to the known nouns in a text
referential cohesion
84
known as anaphoric reference
backward referencing
85
calles as cataphoric reference
forward referencing
86
a kind of substitution by zero and deals with tge omission of word(s) while relying on the readers mind to deduce and dill in the missing bits from what they have read or heard before
elliptical cohesion
87
this denotes replacing a linguitics item with another
substitution
88
means ysing words to achieve unity in a text
lexical cohesion
89
using words that go with each other
collocation
90
repeating the same syntactic patter/structure
parallelism
91
making certain fearures prominent in a text and for purely aesthetic exploitation of language which has the aim of making what is familiar unfamiliar in order to attract attention
foregrounding
92
violations of linguistic norms
deviations
93
one of the most resembles our conventional, everyday kind of story telling activity
prose fiction
94
subgenre of prose fiction and very difficult form to describe
novella
95
form of prose fixtion which narrates fundamentally, just one event, or an aspect of one event
short story
96
a medium to pout out his emotions and feelings
poetry
97
one of the oldest poetic forms and tells a long story about the great deeds of a great individual or group of individuals at one point ot the other in the process of their development as people
epic
98
used to lament the death of a person and a formal and sustained lament
elegy
99
similar with elegy but this is shorter and less formal and represented as a text to be sung
dirge
100
a type of poem that is sung and accompanied by playing a musical instrument
lyrical poem
101
sings the praise of a person or thing, occasional poetry
panegyric poetry
102
a 14 line poerm divided into the octave (first 8 lines) and sestet (the last 6 lines)
sonnet
103
most presentational of the three genres of literature and designed to present its statements in a combination of action and words
drama
104
subgenre of drama and was popularized by william shakespeare
tragicomic
105
dramatic presentation and designed to create and involve humour
a comic play
106
any weitten story of a considerable length which consists of paragraphs and chapters
prose fiction
107
created around a single idea or quality and is very easy to describe as he is simple in thoughts and actions and does not change
flat character
108
complex in thoughts and actions and so cannot be described as easily as the flat character and cannot be presicted with a high degree of accuracy
round character
109
whenever a poet adopts someone else’s personality or uses this device, he is said to be adopting a ____
persona
110
to describe any writing which is descriptive and helps the reader to visualize a scene and so to experience the poets’ experience, can be aural or visual.
imagery
111
each foot consists of an unstressed syllable gollowed by a stressed syllable and the most common in english poetry.
iambic rhythm
112
consists of a stressed syllably followed by an unstressed syllable
trochaic syllable
113
consists of two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable
anapaestic rhythm
114
consisting of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
dactylic rhythm
115
aesthetically attractive and became a model way of speaking
anomalistic rhetoric of cicero
116
its interest is in decribing the form and function of language in the poem, paying attention to certain curiosities that may be accounted for in linguistic terms
linguistix stylistic analyst
117
certain characteristic use of words may help us identify the context of a text, its genre, its communicative purposes, its author, and so on
lexico-semantic features
