midterms Flashcards
paiba-iba ng shape
Plasticity
having two (2) leaves
Bifoliate
common in Aroids (family of Arums or Araceae)
Hastate
known as windmill bush and banana bush, is a species of plant in the dogbane family Apocynaceae.
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
where did plants first thrive?
aquatic
how do plants disperse?
pollen
agent of pollination of ancestor plants
water (buoyant)
this becomes the fruit
ovary
this becomes the seeds
ovule
the male part
stamen (anther and filament)
the female part
pistil (stigma, style, ovary)
they are mostly white in color, have an odor, and their pollinators are bats and moths
night flowers
can be either staminate or pistillate
unisexual - monoecious
complete four whorls
perfect flower
this is the outermost part of flower
calyx or sepal
it is a specialized short shoot
flower
the petals and other parts of flowers are ____ adapted to carry on _______ and ___________
modified leaves; sexual reproduction and production of seeds
as a unit, flower performs what two functions?
precise pollen transfer and production of fruit and seeds
pollen transfer is achieved by transfer agents like?
insects, birds or other flying animals, wind, or water
flower is basically a ____ with _______, so almost everything discussed about the internal features of vegetative shoots also applies to flowers.
stem; leaflike structures
this growth does not occur in flowers
secondary growth
t or f: flower never becomes woody
true
basic ____ and _____ of flowers and fruits are not affected quite so much by environmental factors
morphology and anatomy
what are the essential parts of flower?
pistil and stamen
the female structure, composed of ovary, stigma, style
pistil, carpel, gynoecium
the male structure consisting of anther and filament
stamen, androecium
what are the accessory parts of flower?
perianth (corolla/petal and calyx/sepal)
the flower is joined to the stem by a central axis the stalk commonly known as
peduncle or pedicel
the expanded terminal portion of the pedicel where the floral parts arise is called
torus or receptacle
pistils, stamen, calyx, and corolla are present
complete flower
one or more of its parts (pistils, stamen, calyx, and corolla) is/are missing
incomplete flower
both stamen and pistil are present in one flower
perfect flower or bisexual
either stamen or pistil is present, not both in one flower
imperfect flower or unisexual
both staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on the same plant, ex: corn
monoecious
staminate flowers are produced by one plant and the pistillate flowers by another plant, ex: papaya
dioecious
ovary (pistil) superior, sepal, petal, and stamen below
hypogynous
ovary (pistil) inferior, sepal, petal, and stamen above
epigynous
ovary (pistil) superior by half inferior-pistil at the bottom of receptacle or the edges of which the sepal, stamen, and petal are attached
perigynous
floral organs of the same kind fused
conation
floral organs of another type maybe fused together
adnation
when parts of each set of organs is of the same size and shape and they show radial symmetry
regular flower
when some parts of one or more sets of organs differ from other parts of the same set either in size or in shape, or both
irregular flower
represented by bean flowers
papilionaceous
represented by the orchids
orchidaceous
represented by the fire or flame tree, caballero
caesalpinaceous
two sets of petals
two lipped or bilabiate
it consists of standard or banner petal, two wing petals, keel, stamen, stigma, hypogynous
bean flowers
it consists of epigynous, three distinct sepals, two wing petals, stamens
orchid flowers
it consists of petal, keel, stamen
flame tree flowers
parts may be produced on the receptacles
spiral
parts maybe produced in circle
whorls
sessile flowers on simple undivided axis
spike or spicate
pedicelled flowers on undivided axis
raceme or racemose
floral axis is much branched from which pedicellate flowers arise
panicle or paniculate
predicted flowers of equal length arise from a common point
umbel or umbellate
composed rays and disks flowers wherein sessile flowers arise from a flat or short axis producing a globose or flat-topped cluster
head or capitulum
a modified panicle, a flat-topped or convex-topped inflorescence due to lower flowers having longer pedicels. Outer flowers open first
corymb or corymbose
similar to corymb but thin inner flowers open first
cyme or cymose
several spadices (perfect or unisexual, fleshy flower on fleshy axis enclosed by a floral envelope, which is actually a fleshy bract, the spathe
fascicle
family poaceae is also known as
family gramineae or grass family
they are fodders, grow annually, prevent soil erosion (fibrous roots), and comprise 60% of biomass
family poaceae
they are one-time flower. After flowering, they are dead
bamboos
this genus has adventitious roots
genus Zea
di na nakakabalik
disclimax
what is the fruit of poaceae?
caryopsis (fused with seed coat)
family burseraceae is also known as
frankincense family
has almond smell and has bigger scales
family burseraceae
consists of resinous shrubs and trees
family burseraceae
the order of family burseraceae
order sapindales
native in tropical areas and forests and woodlands
family burseraceae
- They are woody trees.
- Shrubby, pachycaulous, or caudiciform.
- Resin-production ability – protects from pathogens.
- Fleshy fruit or dry compound drupe.
- Seeds encapsulated in a pyrene.
- Drought tolerant.
family burseraceae
- Resin-production.
- Alternate leaves
family burseraceae
- Resin ducts – non-allergic.
- Compound or lobed leaves.
- Armed with laterally compressed, cuspidate protuberances
family burseraceae
- presence of resins
- aromatic bark that peels or flakes
- almond-like smell
family burseraceae
- alternate, spiral leaves
- petiolate and exstipulate
- entire to serrate margin
- basta oblong
- pinnate venation
- trifoliate or unifoliate
- has pulvinus (swollen base)
family burseraceae
- axillary, raceme, panicle
- actinomorphic
- unisexual & dioecious
- sepals connate and imbricate
- petals imbricate (overlap)
- stamens glabrous filaments
- anthers two locules
gynoecium connate carpels - hypogynous
family burseraceae
- fleshy drupes
- 1-5 seeds
- dicots
- pyrenes dehiscent
family burseraceae
source of wood
Dacryodes excelsia
for varnish
Bursera microphylla
brew tea, make varnish and turpentine, and make tiger balm
Bursera simaruba
make incense
Boswellia carteri
give common examples of family burseraceae
Philippine Elemi Tree
Pili
Frankincense
Myrrh
Gumbo Limbo
Garuga
Palo Santo
give the economic importance of family burseraceae
Food, Medicinal Use, Resin Production, Essential Oil, and Timber
family meliaceae is also called as
mahogany family
- Found in tropical and subtropical regions.
- Classified as threatened or endangered
family meliaceae
- Pinnately compound leaves.
- Lanceolate or oblong.
- Aromatic wood.
- Fleshy or woody capsules.
- Multiple seeds.
- Insecticidal properties.
- Triterpenoid limonoids (destroy insects).
- Can be deciduous or evergreen trees
family meliaceae
- leaflets along central axis (pedicel)
- panicles or racemes
- fruits are capsules or drupes
family meliaceae
- bipinnately compound leaves
- cyme or umbel
- large, woody capsules with winged seeds
- produce secondary metabolites
- tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions & form symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi
family meliaceae
serve as chemical defenses against herbivores and pests
limonoid and quassinoid (secondary metabolites)
destroy insects
triterpenoid limonoid
- Alternate.
- Exstipulate.
- Pinnately compound, rarely simple.
- Without transparent dots or glandular dots.
- Leaf margin: serrated or entire
family meliaceae
- Woody bark.
- Smooth or rough bark.
- Inner bark may be reddish-brown or pink
family meliaceae
- Bisexual.
- Calyx and corolla united.
- Panicle or raceme.
- Color varies.
- Hypogynous, pedicellate
family meliaceae
- seed winged or fleshy aril
- berry
- capsule or drupe
- branched tap roots
- seeds are flattened and winged/aril
family meliaceae
give the economic importance of family meliaceae
Oil, Medicine, Timber, Food and Beverage, and Ornamental
produce commercial magossa oil
Melia azadirachta seeds
used as an illuminant
Carapa guianensis oil
used in microscopy
cedrela oil
given common examples of family meliaceae
- Mahogany (invasive)
- Chinaberry
- Santol
- Lanzones
- Cape Ash
- Neem Tree (pang tanggal ng kuto)
- Compact inflorescence (heads).
- Involucre of small, modified leaves (bracts).
- Involucre is present, composed of phyllaries.
- Hypogynous with a single basal ovule.
- Disk or ray with the calyx.
- Woody and perennial.
family asteraceae
- Alternate and simple or opposite, rarely whorled.
- Lobes, toothed, and pinnately or palmately veined.
- Fringe of hairs or pappus.
- Anatropous ovule.
- Insect pollination.
- Life form: bushes, vines, and trees.
- Flower types: bilabiate, disk, and ligulate
family asteraceae
bract is also called as
phyllaries
a whorl or rosette of bracts surrounding an inflorescence (especially a capitulum) or at the base of an umbel
involucre
- Composite head or capitulum with individual disc florets.
- Herbaceous body.
- Intricate petals.
- Sturdy stems.
- Gather in clusters.
family asteraceae
- achene-like cypsela fruit
- simple or compound leaf
- ray and disc florets
- taproots and root tubers
- erect, climbing, woody
- five stamen, bicapillary syncarpous
- calyx to papus or scale leaves
family asteraceae
give the economic importance of family asteraceae
- Source of Oil
- Medicinal Value
- Food Source
- Insecticide
- Ornamental
give the common examples of family asteraceae
- Aster
- Zinnia
- Chrysanthemum
- Dahlia
- Daisy
- Dandelion
- Lettuce
- Marigold
- Sunflower
family fabaceae is also known as
leguminosae, papilionaceae, bean/pea/legume family
Third largest family of flowering plants. Found everywhere except Antarctica and high arctic
family fabaceae
- Papilionaceous corolla (five petals).
- Loment/lomentum.
- Zygomorphic flower with diadelphous androecium (9+1 stamens condition).
- The ovary is monocarpellary, superior, unilocular with marginal placentation
family fabaceae
this is called the 9+1 stamen condition
diadelphous androecium
- alternate, stipulate, and simple leaves
- Hermaphrodite flowers
- Polyandrous androecium.
- Anatropous ovules.
- Polypetalous (separate petals) corolla
family fabaceae
separate petals and fused petals
polypetalous and gamopetalous
separate sepals and fused sepals
polysepalous and gamosepalous
- herbaceous and with annual life cycle.
- compound leaves and leaflets are modified into tendrils (Pisum, Lanthyrus).
- zygomorphic flowers (bilateral).
- gamosepalous (united or partly united sepals).
- papilionaceous (butterfly-like).
family fabaceae
- diadelphous stamen (stamens united by their filaments).
- monocarpellary (single gynoecium).
- simple legume fruits.
- campylotropous.
- non-endospermic
family fabaceae
- Alternate and compound leaves.
- stipules at the base of the petiole.
- pinnate or palmate
- raceme, spike, head
- bilateral and irregular
- contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- legume or pod that dehisces (splits open)
- rounded or elliptical seeds
- herbaceous
family fabaceae
give the economic importance of family fabaceae
- food source
- agriculture
- forage and fodder
- industrial
- timber/wood products
- pharmaceuticals
- ornamental
for soy products
soybeans
used in hummus and salads
chickpeas
form symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
red clover
used as green manure cover crops
vetch
used in gum Arabic production
acacia
used in food processing and beverages
carob
give common examples of family fabaceae
- acacia
- mung bean
- peanut
- pea
- fire tree
- makahiya
- tamarind
give the taxonomical classifcation of family rutaceae
d - eukarya
k - plantae
p - tracheophyta
c - dicotyledons
o - sapindales
family rutaceae is known as
citrus or rue family
Herbaceous perennials. Found in warm temperate and tropical regions
family rutaceae
- trees, shrubs, lianas, or rarely shrubs.
- dicots.
- Compound leaves have glandular punctate (this produces oil).
- Regular flowers have five white petals.
- opposite leaves.
- 4 or 5 sepals fused together
family rutaceae
they have thorns and specialized oil cells in leaves
family rutaceae
- taproots/fibrous
- branched
- Erect.
- Woody.
- Branched.
- Cylindrical.
- Gland Dotted
- Alternate and Opposite.
- Pinnately-Compound and Palmately-Compound
- entire and serrate margin
family rutaceae
- unicostate and reticulate
- cyme, axillary, terminal corymb, racemose
- pedicellate
- no bracts
- hermaphrodite
- actinomorphic
- hypogynous
- perfect and complete
- pentamerous and tetramerous
- twice stamens as petals
- endospermic or exalbuminous
family rutaceae
give the economic importance of family rutaceae
- food consumption
- medicine
- ornamental
- timber and essential oil
give common examples of family rutaceae
- orange
- lemon
- grapefruit
- lime
as laxative and in treatment of Dysentry
Aegle mameoles
treatment of intestinal disorders
Murraya koenigil
treat Glucomma
Pilocarpus sp.
treatment of Asthma
Peganum harmala
treatment of Malaria
Cusparia febrifuga
treatment of fevers, dyspepsia, cholera
Zanthoxylum alatum
they are high in vitamin c
citrus fruits
no bracts is called
ebracteate
where grasses are mainly planted
grasslands/savannahs and croplands
what is grass
monocotyledonous angiosperms
who coined the term poaceae?
John Hendley in 1895
poeaceae is derived from?
greek word meaning fodder
who introduced genus poa
carl linnaeus
taxonomical classification of poaceae
plantae, angiosperms, monocotyledonae, poales, poaceae
stem of grasses is called
culm
annual grass
oryza
perennial grass
Saccharum
rarely tree grass
bamboo
inflorescence of grass
spike or panicles of spikelets
each spikelet of grass flower is composed of how many flowers
2-5 flowers
pair of bracts is called
glumes
two bracts of grass are called
palea and lemma
perianth of grass is represented by two or three scale like called
lodicules
what is the basis of poaceae
tribe poeae
phylum angiosperms is also called what
phylum anthophyta
class monocotyledonae is also called as
class liliopsida
