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NUTRITION MIDTERMS > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Breaks down the fats into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

Pancreatic lipase

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2
Q

Types of macrominerals

A

Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfur

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3
Q

Nonpolar amino acids (hydrophobic) examples

A

Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, tryptophan, proline, phenylalanine

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4
Q

make hydrogen of glucose molecule available to be oxidized

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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5
Q

It travels in the blood and cleaves into another protein called angiotensin

A

Renin

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6
Q

Plays a key role in the maintenance of brain function

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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7
Q

Functions of Lipids

A

Store energy
Regulation and signaling
Insulating and protection

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8
Q

Caused by inadequate amount of protein in the body. Symptoms include diarrhea, fatigue, peeling skin, irritability

A

Kwashiorkor

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9
Q

Requires sodium co-transport

A

Glucose and Galactose

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10
Q

Widely used as a food color

A

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin

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11
Q

AMDR of Saturated fats

A

fewer than 10% of total calories

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12
Q

Examples of Basic Amino acids (positively charged hydrophilic)

A

Lysine, arginine, histidine

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13
Q

Dissolved substances in a fluid

A

Solutes

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14
Q

Insensible water loss (site and amount)

A

Skin - 500 ml
Lungs - 400 ml

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15
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized from ___ in the skin upon UV exposure

A

7-dehydroxycholesterol

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16
Q

Copying of genetic info from DNA to messenger RNA

A

Transcription

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17
Q

Refers to the physical changes in protein when exposed to abnormal conditions

A

Denaturation

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18
Q

Has a role in photosynthesis and found in all green leafy vegetables

A

Phylloquinone

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19
Q

Make up 95% of lipids in the diet

A

Triglycerides/ Triacylglycerols

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20
Q

Niacin two active components

A

Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide

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21
Q

Serves as a catalyst for various metabolic functions

A

iron

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22
Q

These include soft drinks, candy, highly processed food

A

Empty-calorie carbohydrates

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23
Q

T/F carbohydrates may function as fat spares where it prevents breakdown of lipids

A

True

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24
Q

These are workhorses of life and equate up to 20% of human body

A

Proteins

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25
Q

Two types of vitamin A

A

retinoids and carotenoids

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26
Q

Required part of several enzymes involved in synthesis of collagen, signaling molecules in brain and enhances the absorption of non-heme irom

A

Vitamin C

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27
Q

Increased level of lipids in the blood

A

Hyperlipidemia

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28
Q

The active form of vitamin D

A

1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol

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29
Q

Types of water outputs

A

Insensible water loss
Sensible water loss

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30
Q

Amino acids that are able to be synthesized by our bodies

A

Non-essential Amino acids

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31
Q

Provides a good amount of fiber with a host of other health benefits

A

Indigestible carbohydrates

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32
Q

RDI for children in vitamin D

A

15 micrograms

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33
Q

Acidic amino acids (negatively charged hydrophilic) examples

A

Aspartic acid and glutamic acid

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34
Q

Comes from a language on Ghana meaning “rejected one”

A

Kwashiorkor

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35
Q

Main types of Lipids

A

Triacylglycerols
Sterols
Phospholipids

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36
Q

Unique nutrient that can be synthesized from tryptophan

A

Vitamin B3 Niacin

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37
Q

Substances that, when dissolved in water, disassociate into charged ions

A

Electrolytes

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38
Q

It stimulates thirst mechanism and release of antidiuretic hormone

A

Angiotensin

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39
Q

Vitamin D regulates what ions in the bone

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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40
Q

Angiotensin stimulates the release of

A

Aldosterone

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41
Q

First step in pantothenic acid utilization

A

Phosphorylation

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42
Q

Types of protein

A

Hormone, Enzyme, Antibodies

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43
Q

It is an important component of two amino acids, cysteine and methionine

A

Sulfur

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44
Q

Coenzyme for synthesis of methionine and RNA and DNA

A

Folate

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45
Q

Examples of non-essential amino acids

A

Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

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46
Q

Most abundant positively charged ion in the cell

A

Potassium

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47
Q

Also known as complex carbs and are beneficial. These are slowly digested and does not result to a sudden increase in insulin

A

Slow-releasing carbohydrates

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48
Q

50% protein and 50% cholesterol. These scavenge excess cholesterol from the vessels and deliver back to the liver.

A

High-density lipoproteins

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49
Q

Dismantles triacyclglycerols in the lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Lipoprotein-lipase

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50
Q

Enzyme present in stomach to breakdown lipids

A

Human gastric lipase

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51
Q

Requires facilitated diffusion

A

Fructose

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52
Q

Water output per day averages __

A

2.5 Liters

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53
Q

Requirement of vitamin C to prevent scurvy

A

10 mg/day

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54
Q

Four groups of amino acids

A

Nonpolar, Polar, Acidic, and Basic Amino Acid

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55
Q

Provides a mass/bulk in foods, vitamins, and minerals

A

Digestible carbohydrates

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56
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body next to calcium

A

Phosphorus

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57
Q

Primary anion in extracellular fluid

A

Chloride

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58
Q

Extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion

A

Zinc

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59
Q

Primary transport of fluid in the body

A

Blood

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60
Q

Hormone that regulates blood glucose and composed of 51 amino acids

A

Insulin

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61
Q

Most abundant intracellular trace element

A

Zinc

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62
Q

Responsible for shuttling the Triglycerides to various locations where they are stored by the body in adipose tissue for tissue use

A

Chylomicrons

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63
Q

Pairs of 2 monosaccharides linked together with at least 1 glucose molecule

A

Disaccharides

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64
Q

Group of fat soluble vitamin and play an essential role in blood coagulation

A

Vitamin K

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65
Q

Majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occur here

A

Small Intestine

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66
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic acid

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67
Q

RDI for adults in vitamin D

A

15-20 micrograms

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68
Q

Polar amino acids (hydrophilic) examples

A

Glycine, glutamine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine.

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69
Q

AMDR for fat in children

A

25-35% of caloric intake

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70
Q

It is an alkaline earth metal and is the second most common cation in the body

A

Magnesium

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71
Q

Importance of water

A
  1. Water as transaction vehicle
  2. Water as a medium for chemical reactions
  3. Water as lubricant/shock absorber
  4. Water as temperature regulator
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72
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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73
Q

Activates thirst mechanism and release of antidiuretic hormone

A

High sodium level

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74
Q

Most abundant protein

A

Collagen

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75
Q

More powerful enzyme released into the small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase

76
Q

Iron deficiency anemia develops in three stages:

A
  1. Depletion of storage iron
  2. decrease in transported iron
  3. Insufficiency of iron for hemoglobin
77
Q

Its function is to store unused calories in adipose tissues and provide energy

A

Triglycerides/ Triacylglycerols

78
Q

Most well-known sterol

A

Cholesterol

79
Q

These are largely water insoluble with high energy yield consisting carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Lipids

80
Q

Process through which information encoded in mRNA directs the protein synthesis

A

Translation

81
Q

AMDR of trans fat

A

less than 1% of total calories

82
Q

Comes from a Greek word meaning starvation

A

Marasmus

83
Q

Types of Diabetes

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational Diabetes

84
Q

How many grams of protein does an egg supply

A

6 grams

85
Q

This area controls automatic functions such as heart rate

A

Medulla

86
Q

The control of fluid balance and composition in the body

A

Osmoregulation

87
Q

This increases sodium and water reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

88
Q

it measures the time required in the formation of a fibrin clot after the addition of calcium and thromboplastin

A

Prothrombin time

89
Q

Re-esterification of fatty acid into monoglycerides and into triacylglycerols within the enterocyte

A

Acyl-coA-cholesterol acyltransferase

90
Q

Vitamin b6

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxical, or pyridoxamine

91
Q

Organ or part of the body that sends neural signals to higher sensory areas stimulating conscious thought to drink

A

Hypothalamus

92
Q

One dimensional sequence of amino acid held by peptide bond

A

Primary protein structure

93
Q

Achieved when protein fragments called peptides combine to make one larger functional protein

A

Quaternary protein structure

94
Q

These are linolenic acid and can make Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

A

Omega-3 fatty acid

95
Q

Kidneys filter how many liters of blood and produce how many urine per day

A

filter 190 liters of blood (on average) and produce 1.5 liters of urine per day

96
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

Sugar and Starches

97
Q

Force of water/ pressure exerted by water

A

Hydrostatic pressure

98
Q

RDI for Vitamin C in female and male

A

Female : 75 mg/day
male: 90 mg/day

pregnant: 85 mg/day
lactating: 120 mg/day

99
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

Amino Acids

100
Q

Ascorbic acid specific roles in two groups of enzymes

A
  1. copper-containing hydroxylases
  2. 2-oxoglutarate-linked iron-containing hydroxylases
101
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Beriberi

102
Q

Only make up 2% of the dietary lipids. It forms a protective membrane or barrier in the cells

A

Phospholipids

103
Q

Rarest kind of lipids.

A

Sterol

104
Q

These are present in the mouth and may initiate the digestion of lipids (Triglycerides and phospholipids into diglycerides)

A

Lingual Lipase

105
Q

Phases for digestion and absorption of lipids

A

Gastric phase, Duodenal Phase, Ilial Phase

106
Q

Requirement of vitamin C to for optimum wound healing

A

20 mg/day

107
Q

Most abundant, composed of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms

A

Glucose

108
Q

Vitamin D is also known as

A

Calciferol and Sunshine vitamin

109
Q

Required for the synthesis of carnitine

A

Trimethyl-lysine and g-butyrobetaine hydroxylases

110
Q

Condition in the heart where heart valves become compromised in their ability to open wide enough

A

Stenosis

111
Q

Average intake of vitamin K for adult females and males

A

75 micrograms/day
120 micrograms/day

112
Q

Average fluid consumption per day

A

1.5 Liters

113
Q

Body’s major source of energy composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

114
Q

Desirable value of cholesterol in the body

A

under 200 mg/dl

115
Q

Caused by low dietary intake of potassium

A

Hypokalemia

116
Q

It fuses with sodium chloride and can act as reliable tracer

A

Lithium

117
Q

Vitamers of vitamin k

A

Phylloquinone
Menadiol
Menaquinone

118
Q

Sensible water loss (site and amount)

A

Urine : 1,500 ml
Feces: 100 ml

119
Q

When valves bulge or prolapse back into the upper chamber

A

Mitral valve prolapse

120
Q

deficiency of Vitamin b12

A

Pernicious Anemia

121
Q

D2 is found in __ while D3 is produced in ___

A

plants and dietary supplements, skin and animal foods

122
Q

Adequate Intake of potassium

A

4.7 grams per day

123
Q

It is a lipid-soluble antioxidant and functions in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins as an antioxidant that traps free radicals

A

Vitamin E

124
Q

Deficiency of this mineral can result in muscle weakness, twitching, cramps, and spasms

A

Magnesium

125
Q

Adequate intake of water for male and female

A

Male: 3..7 L
female: 2.7 L

126
Q

Metabolic disorder characterized by a lack of insulin and excess glucose

A

Diabetes

127
Q

T/F: Carbohydrates are further digested in stomach

A

False. Salivary amylase is only inactivated but no further digestion occurs

128
Q

Desirable value of overall lipid profile (LDL , HDL, tryglycerides, VLDL)

A

LDL: less than 160 mg/dl
HDL: greater than 40-60 mg/dl
Triacylglycerols: 10-150 mg/dl
VLDL: 2-38 mg/dl

129
Q

Diseases that could arise from Selenium deficiency

A

Keshan’s disease and Kashin-beck disease

130
Q

Deficiency of phosphorus can cause

A

Hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism

131
Q

It detects sodium concentration in the blood

A

Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus

132
Q

Two forms of vitamin D

A

Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol

133
Q

Approximately 25% protein, 75% cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoprotein

134
Q

A chemical called xanthine in seeds and makes a person psychoactive

A

Caffeine

135
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamins or cyanocobalamin

136
Q

Can be converted into ATP if carbohydrate intake is inadequate

A

Proteins/ Sparing proteins

137
Q

Dietary Fibers (slow-releasing carbohydrates) are classified as

A

Water soluble and insoluble

138
Q

Zinc is transported in plasma by __ and __

A

Albumin and Alpha2-macroglobulin

139
Q

5 food groups under carbohydrates

A

Grain, vegetables, dairy products, fruits, meats and beans

140
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance of Carbohydrates a day.

A

130 g/day

141
Q

Considered provitamins as these are converted into active vitamin A in the body

A

Carotenoids

142
Q

To balance heat gain and heat loss

A

Thermoregulation

143
Q

It is a stable radical formed by reaction of ascorbate with reactive oxygens species

A

Monodehydroascorbate

144
Q

5 primary functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Energy production
  2. Energy storage
  3. Building macromolecules
  4. Sparing protein
  5. Assisting in Lipid Metabolism
145
Q

Transport of hydrogen ion into multiple oxidative chemical reaction

A

Dehydrogenation

146
Q

AMDR for protein for adults

A

10-35 %

147
Q

In the liver, Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation to become

A

25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

148
Q

It is a copper containing enzyme involved in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine in adrenal medulla and CNS

A

Dopamine b-hydroxylase

149
Q

Prominent source of fat for most people

A

Saturated fats

150
Q

Protein that acts as adhesive between cells and consists more than 1000 amino acids

A

Collagen

151
Q

Process which involves adding chlorine compounds to the water

A

Chlorination

152
Q

It is the preferred fuel source

A

Monosaccharides (fast-releasing carbohydrates)

153
Q

Amino acids that are obtained from the diet and cannot be synthesized in the body

A

Essential Amino acids

154
Q

These are whole-grain breads, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and are the best dietary source

A

Nutrient-dense carbohydrates

155
Q

Proteins come from the Greek word ?

A

Proteios

156
Q

Digestive enzyme present in saliva (Specific)

A

Ptyalin (a-amylase)

157
Q

Used in many processed food such as cookies, cakes, and chips to have a crispy texture

A

Trans Fat

158
Q

Process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty-acid chains

A

Hydrogenation

159
Q

Formation of glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

160
Q

Enzyme in mouth that breaks down carbohydrates to shorter polysaccharides

A

Salivary Amylase

161
Q

Chemical added to plastics

A

Bisphenol A

162
Q

Can deposit cholesterol in the blood vessel walls, which can lead to harmful diseases

A

Low-density lipoprotein

163
Q

AMDR of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats

A

20-35% of total calories

164
Q

What would happen in a cell when exposed to

Isotonic Solution:
Hypotonic Solution:
Hypertonic Solution:

A

Isotonic Solution: stay the same
Hypotonic Solution: swell then burst
Hypertonic Solution: Shrink then die

165
Q

Irritable, neurotic, discontented, whining and cranky person

A

Scorbutico

166
Q

A disorder of primary zinc malabsorption characterized by alopecia, eczematoid skin lesions

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

167
Q

Essential Amino acids examples

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

168
Q

Largest known protein

A

Titin

169
Q

used to treat patients with an overdose of warfarin

A

vitamin K

170
Q

These are Linoleic acid, used to make arachidonic acid to make eicosanoids

A

Omega-6 fatty acids

171
Q

Derived from vitamin A with various dermatological and therapeutic applications

A

Retinoids

172
Q

Condition where the heart valves do not close tightly and blood begins to leak between chambers

A

regurgitation

173
Q

Controls conscious movement and coordination

A

Cerebellum

174
Q

Caused by mutation in protein that transports chloride ions out of the cell

A

Cystic Fibrosis

175
Q

It is a fat soluble vitamin that offers health benefits including improved vision, reduced risk of cancers, and more

A

Vitamin A

176
Q

breaks the peptide bonds between amino acids producing protein fragments

A

pepsin

177
Q

Acts as an emulsifier to combine the separated fats with own watery fluids

A

Bile

178
Q

Formation of large quantities of ATP by oxidation of hydrogen

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

179
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body

A

Calcium

180
Q

Deficiency in vitamin D can lead to ___ in children, and ___ in adults

A

rickets, osteomalacia

181
Q

Essential to discharge nasal irritants

A

Mucus

182
Q

Splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

183
Q

Primary cause of heat stroke

A

dehydration

184
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance of fibers a day.

A

38g/day (men)
25g/day (women)

185
Q

Specific amino acids spontaneously fold into particular shapes

A

Protein folding

186
Q

Two types of Amino Acids

A

Essential and Non-essential AA

NUTRITION MIDTERMS (1 decks)

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