MIDTERMS Flashcards
Breaks down the fats into free fatty acids and monoglycerides
Pancreatic lipase
Types of macrominerals
Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfur
Nonpolar amino acids (hydrophobic) examples
Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, tryptophan, proline, phenylalanine
make hydrogen of glucose molecule available to be oxidized
Citric Acid Cycle
It travels in the blood and cleaves into another protein called angiotensin
Renin
Plays a key role in the maintenance of brain function
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Functions of Lipids
Store energy
Regulation and signaling
Insulating and protection
Caused by inadequate amount of protein in the body. Symptoms include diarrhea, fatigue, peeling skin, irritability
Kwashiorkor
Requires sodium co-transport
Glucose and Galactose
Widely used as a food color
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
AMDR of Saturated fats
fewer than 10% of total calories
Examples of Basic Amino acids (positively charged hydrophilic)
Lysine, arginine, histidine
Dissolved substances in a fluid
Solutes
Insensible water loss (site and amount)
Skin - 500 ml
Lungs - 400 ml
Vitamin D is synthesized from ___ in the skin upon UV exposure
7-dehydroxycholesterol
Copying of genetic info from DNA to messenger RNA
Transcription
Refers to the physical changes in protein when exposed to abnormal conditions
Denaturation
Has a role in photosynthesis and found in all green leafy vegetables
Phylloquinone
Make up 95% of lipids in the diet
Triglycerides/ Triacylglycerols
Niacin two active components
Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide
Serves as a catalyst for various metabolic functions
iron
These include soft drinks, candy, highly processed food
Empty-calorie carbohydrates
T/F carbohydrates may function as fat spares where it prevents breakdown of lipids
True
These are workhorses of life and equate up to 20% of human body
Proteins
Two types of vitamin A
retinoids and carotenoids
Required part of several enzymes involved in synthesis of collagen, signaling molecules in brain and enhances the absorption of non-heme irom
Vitamin C
Increased level of lipids in the blood
Hyperlipidemia
The active form of vitamin D
1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol
Types of water outputs
Insensible water loss
Sensible water loss
Amino acids that are able to be synthesized by our bodies
Non-essential Amino acids
Provides a good amount of fiber with a host of other health benefits
Indigestible carbohydrates
RDI for children in vitamin D
15 micrograms
Acidic amino acids (negatively charged hydrophilic) examples
Aspartic acid and glutamic acid
Comes from a language on Ghana meaning “rejected one”
Kwashiorkor
Main types of Lipids
Triacylglycerols
Sterols
Phospholipids
Unique nutrient that can be synthesized from tryptophan
Vitamin B3 Niacin
Substances that, when dissolved in water, disassociate into charged ions
Electrolytes
It stimulates thirst mechanism and release of antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin
Vitamin D regulates what ions in the bone
Calcium and phosphorus
Angiotensin stimulates the release of
Aldosterone
First step in pantothenic acid utilization
Phosphorylation
Types of protein
Hormone, Enzyme, Antibodies
It is an important component of two amino acids, cysteine and methionine
Sulfur
Coenzyme for synthesis of methionine and RNA and DNA
Folate
Examples of non-essential amino acids
Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
Most abundant positively charged ion in the cell
Potassium
Also known as complex carbs and are beneficial. These are slowly digested and does not result to a sudden increase in insulin
Slow-releasing carbohydrates
50% protein and 50% cholesterol. These scavenge excess cholesterol from the vessels and deliver back to the liver.
High-density lipoproteins
Dismantles triacyclglycerols in the lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol.
Lipoprotein-lipase
Enzyme present in stomach to breakdown lipids
Human gastric lipase
Requires facilitated diffusion
Fructose
Water output per day averages __
2.5 Liters
Requirement of vitamin C to prevent scurvy
10 mg/day
Four groups of amino acids
Nonpolar, Polar, Acidic, and Basic Amino Acid
Provides a mass/bulk in foods, vitamins, and minerals
Digestible carbohydrates
Most abundant mineral in the body next to calcium
Phosphorus
Primary anion in extracellular fluid
Chloride
Extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion
Zinc
Primary transport of fluid in the body
Blood
Hormone that regulates blood glucose and composed of 51 amino acids
Insulin
Most abundant intracellular trace element
Zinc
Responsible for shuttling the Triglycerides to various locations where they are stored by the body in adipose tissue for tissue use
Chylomicrons
Pairs of 2 monosaccharides linked together with at least 1 glucose molecule
Disaccharides
Group of fat soluble vitamin and play an essential role in blood coagulation
Vitamin K
Majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occur here
Small Intestine
Vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
RDI for adults in vitamin D
15-20 micrograms
Polar amino acids (hydrophilic) examples
Glycine, glutamine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine.
AMDR for fat in children
25-35% of caloric intake
It is an alkaline earth metal and is the second most common cation in the body
Magnesium
Importance of water
- Water as transaction vehicle
- Water as a medium for chemical reactions
- Water as lubricant/shock absorber
- Water as temperature regulator
Vitamin B7
Biotin
Activates thirst mechanism and release of antidiuretic hormone
High sodium level
Most abundant protein
Collagen
More powerful enzyme released into the small intestine
Pancreatic amylase
Iron deficiency anemia develops in three stages:
- Depletion of storage iron
- decrease in transported iron
- Insufficiency of iron for hemoglobin
Its function is to store unused calories in adipose tissues and provide energy
Triglycerides/ Triacylglycerols
Most well-known sterol
Cholesterol
These are largely water insoluble with high energy yield consisting carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids
Process through which information encoded in mRNA directs the protein synthesis
Translation
AMDR of trans fat
less than 1% of total calories
Comes from a Greek word meaning starvation
Marasmus
Types of Diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational Diabetes
How many grams of protein does an egg supply
6 grams
This area controls automatic functions such as heart rate
Medulla
The control of fluid balance and composition in the body
Osmoregulation
This increases sodium and water reabsorption
Aldosterone
it measures the time required in the formation of a fibrin clot after the addition of calcium and thromboplastin
Prothrombin time
Re-esterification of fatty acid into monoglycerides and into triacylglycerols within the enterocyte
Acyl-coA-cholesterol acyltransferase
Vitamin b6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxical, or pyridoxamine
Organ or part of the body that sends neural signals to higher sensory areas stimulating conscious thought to drink
Hypothalamus
One dimensional sequence of amino acid held by peptide bond
Primary protein structure
Achieved when protein fragments called peptides combine to make one larger functional protein
Quaternary protein structure
These are linolenic acid and can make Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Omega-3 fatty acid
Kidneys filter how many liters of blood and produce how many urine per day
filter 190 liters of blood (on average) and produce 1.5 liters of urine per day
Types of carbohydrates
Sugar and Starches
Force of water/ pressure exerted by water
Hydrostatic pressure
RDI for Vitamin C in female and male
Female : 75 mg/day
male: 90 mg/day
pregnant: 85 mg/day
lactating: 120 mg/day
Building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
Ascorbic acid specific roles in two groups of enzymes
- copper-containing hydroxylases
- 2-oxoglutarate-linked iron-containing hydroxylases
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Beriberi
Only make up 2% of the dietary lipids. It forms a protective membrane or barrier in the cells
Phospholipids
Rarest kind of lipids.
Sterol
These are present in the mouth and may initiate the digestion of lipids (Triglycerides and phospholipids into diglycerides)
Lingual Lipase
Phases for digestion and absorption of lipids
Gastric phase, Duodenal Phase, Ilial Phase
Requirement of vitamin C to for optimum wound healing
20 mg/day
Most abundant, composed of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms
Glucose
Vitamin D is also known as
Calciferol and Sunshine vitamin
Required for the synthesis of carnitine
Trimethyl-lysine and g-butyrobetaine hydroxylases
Condition in the heart where heart valves become compromised in their ability to open wide enough
Stenosis
Average intake of vitamin K for adult females and males
75 micrograms/day
120 micrograms/day
Average fluid consumption per day
1.5 Liters
Body’s major source of energy composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbohydrates
Desirable value of cholesterol in the body
under 200 mg/dl
Caused by low dietary intake of potassium
Hypokalemia
It fuses with sodium chloride and can act as reliable tracer
Lithium
Vitamers of vitamin k
Phylloquinone
Menadiol
Menaquinone
Sensible water loss (site and amount)
Urine : 1,500 ml
Feces: 100 ml
When valves bulge or prolapse back into the upper chamber
Mitral valve prolapse
deficiency of Vitamin b12
Pernicious Anemia
D2 is found in __ while D3 is produced in ___
plants and dietary supplements, skin and animal foods
Adequate Intake of potassium
4.7 grams per day
It is a lipid-soluble antioxidant and functions in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins as an antioxidant that traps free radicals
Vitamin E
Deficiency of this mineral can result in muscle weakness, twitching, cramps, and spasms
Magnesium
Adequate intake of water for male and female
Male: 3..7 L
female: 2.7 L
Metabolic disorder characterized by a lack of insulin and excess glucose
Diabetes
T/F: Carbohydrates are further digested in stomach
False. Salivary amylase is only inactivated but no further digestion occurs
Desirable value of overall lipid profile (LDL , HDL, tryglycerides, VLDL)
LDL: less than 160 mg/dl
HDL: greater than 40-60 mg/dl
Triacylglycerols: 10-150 mg/dl
VLDL: 2-38 mg/dl
Diseases that could arise from Selenium deficiency
Keshan’s disease and Kashin-beck disease
Deficiency of phosphorus can cause
Hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism
It detects sodium concentration in the blood
Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
Two forms of vitamin D
Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol
Approximately 25% protein, 75% cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein
A chemical called xanthine in seeds and makes a person psychoactive
Caffeine
Vitamin B12
Cobalamins or cyanocobalamin
Can be converted into ATP if carbohydrate intake is inadequate
Proteins/ Sparing proteins
Dietary Fibers (slow-releasing carbohydrates) are classified as
Water soluble and insoluble
Zinc is transported in plasma by __ and __
Albumin and Alpha2-macroglobulin
5 food groups under carbohydrates
Grain, vegetables, dairy products, fruits, meats and beans
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Carbohydrates a day.
130 g/day
Considered provitamins as these are converted into active vitamin A in the body
Carotenoids
To balance heat gain and heat loss
Thermoregulation
It is a stable radical formed by reaction of ascorbate with reactive oxygens species
Monodehydroascorbate
5 primary functions of carbohydrates
- Energy production
- Energy storage
- Building macromolecules
- Sparing protein
- Assisting in Lipid Metabolism
Transport of hydrogen ion into multiple oxidative chemical reaction
Dehydrogenation
AMDR for protein for adults
10-35 %
In the liver, Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation to become
25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
It is a copper containing enzyme involved in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine in adrenal medulla and CNS
Dopamine b-hydroxylase
Prominent source of fat for most people
Saturated fats
Protein that acts as adhesive between cells and consists more than 1000 amino acids
Collagen
Process which involves adding chlorine compounds to the water
Chlorination
It is the preferred fuel source
Monosaccharides (fast-releasing carbohydrates)
Amino acids that are obtained from the diet and cannot be synthesized in the body
Essential Amino acids
These are whole-grain breads, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and are the best dietary source
Nutrient-dense carbohydrates
Proteins come from the Greek word ?
Proteios
Digestive enzyme present in saliva (Specific)
Ptyalin (a-amylase)
Used in many processed food such as cookies, cakes, and chips to have a crispy texture
Trans Fat
Process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty-acid chains
Hydrogenation
Formation of glycogen
Glycogenesis
Enzyme in mouth that breaks down carbohydrates to shorter polysaccharides
Salivary Amylase
Chemical added to plastics
Bisphenol A
Can deposit cholesterol in the blood vessel walls, which can lead to harmful diseases
Low-density lipoprotein
AMDR of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
20-35% of total calories
What would happen in a cell when exposed to
Isotonic Solution:
Hypotonic Solution:
Hypertonic Solution:
Isotonic Solution: stay the same
Hypotonic Solution: swell then burst
Hypertonic Solution: Shrink then die
Irritable, neurotic, discontented, whining and cranky person
Scorbutico
A disorder of primary zinc malabsorption characterized by alopecia, eczematoid skin lesions
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Essential Amino acids examples
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
Largest known protein
Titin
used to treat patients with an overdose of warfarin
vitamin K
These are Linoleic acid, used to make arachidonic acid to make eicosanoids
Omega-6 fatty acids
Derived from vitamin A with various dermatological and therapeutic applications
Retinoids
Condition where the heart valves do not close tightly and blood begins to leak between chambers
regurgitation
Controls conscious movement and coordination
Cerebellum
Caused by mutation in protein that transports chloride ions out of the cell
Cystic Fibrosis
It is a fat soluble vitamin that offers health benefits including improved vision, reduced risk of cancers, and more
Vitamin A
breaks the peptide bonds between amino acids producing protein fragments
pepsin
Acts as an emulsifier to combine the separated fats with own watery fluids
Bile
Formation of large quantities of ATP by oxidation of hydrogen
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
Deficiency in vitamin D can lead to ___ in children, and ___ in adults
rickets, osteomalacia
Essential to discharge nasal irritants
Mucus
Splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
Primary cause of heat stroke
dehydration
Recommended Dietary Allowance of fibers a day.
38g/day (men)
25g/day (women)
Specific amino acids spontaneously fold into particular shapes
Protein folding
Two types of Amino Acids
Essential and Non-essential AA
