Midterms Flashcards
1
Q
greek word meaning love
A
philo
2
Q
greek word meaning wisdom
A
sophia
3
Q
it implies love for wisdom or knowledge
A
philosophy
4
Q
believed that it is man’s life-long mission to know thy self; characterizes the self as having two separate elements: physical body and the mental/mind or soul
A
socrates
5
Q
he believed that man is a dual nature of body and soul but he added that there are three components of the soul or self: the rational soul, the spirited soul and the appetitive soul
A
plato
6
Q
he promoted the belief that the physical body is inferior to the mind or the soul but is an essential cradle of the latter
A
st. augustine
7
Q
greek word meaning matter; refers to anything that one can find in his environment
A
hyle
8
Q
adapted some concepts of aristotle which believes that man is composed of two parts: matter and form; to him, the soul is what animates the body
A
st. thomas aquinas
9
Q
the father of modern philosophy and the first modern rationalist; he believes that the mind is separate from the body; known for his principle of “cogito ergo sum”, “i think therefore i am”; believes that man’s mind has already innate ideas “priori”
A
rene descartes
10
Q
he introduced the concept of empiricism; his thought has set that man has initially an empty mind “tabula rasa”; the self is formed from the accumulated memory of our experiences
A
john locke
11
Q
he rejects the idea of definite identity; he believes that the idea of essential self that has the potential to exist endlessly in the realm of the divine is unthinkable; to him, self is nothing but a collection of ever-changing perceptions that are passing through “theater of the mind”
A
david hume
12
Q
promoted the concept of the two dimensional self: the inner self and the outer self
A
immanuel kant
13
Q
focuses more on the dimension of self that is observable, the behavior
A
gilbert ryle
14
Q
she holds on to materialism, the belief that nothing but matter (brain) exists
A
patricia churchland
15
Q
phenomenology; those lived experiences that arrived to his senses which the person becomes conscious and aware of turned out to be the primary component of the self
A
maurice merleau-ponty
16
Q
a system of ethical conduct which is anchored on ancient religious tradition; it focuses on how the self, which is considered as the center of relationship expresses itself properly and in accordance with others; believes that the highest goal of human life is the development of the self in all its entirety
A
confucianism
17
Q
advocates humility and religious piety; it points towards how one should live in the way of the tao or the universe
A
taoism
18
Q
self is an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold on and control things, or human-centered needs, thus the self is also the source of all these sufferings
A
buddhism
19
Q
meaning group or partners
A
socius
20
Q
father of sociology; he coined the term sociology in his work positive philosophy; talked about “social soul” in terms of religious and philosophic than scientific
A
auguste comte
21
Q
defines sociology as the “study of patterns and processes of human relations”
A
rodney stark
22
Q
the father of modern sociology
A
emile durkheim
23
Q
defines sociology as “a body of scientific knowledge with theories based on scientific investigations and observations, rather than armchair and speculations”
A
lunderg and associates
24
Q
the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of different types of relationships
A
sociology
25
the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, and societies, in both the present and past, including past human species
anthropology
26
meaning man
anthropos
27
durkheim has established the view that there are no societies in which suicide does not occur; according to him, suicide is not a personal action, it is caused by some power which is over and above the individual
theory of suicide
28
when a man becomes socially isolated or feels that he has no place in the society, he destroys himself
egoistic suicide
29
occurs when individuals and the group are too close and intimate; results from the over integration of the individual into social proof
altruistic suicide
30
due to certain breakdown of social equilibrium, such as suicide after bankruptcy or after winning a lottery
anomic suicide
31
due to overregulation in society
fatalistic suicide
32
society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole
functionalism
33
consequences that are intended and commonly recognized
manifest functions
34
consequences that are unintended and often hidden
latent functions
35
explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power and benefit from a particular social arrangement
conflict theory
36
suggested that all societies go through stages of economic development
karl marx
37
it looks at the big picture of society and suggests how social problems are affected at the institutional level
macro sociology
38
concerned with the social psychological dynamics of individuals interacting in small groups
micro sociology
39
emphasizes that human behavior is influenced by definitions and meaning that are created and maintained through symbolic interaction with others; suggests that our identity or sense of self is shaped by social interaction
symbolic interactionism
40
he suggested that humans respond to their definition of a situation rather than to the objective situation itself
W.I. Thomas
41
through interaction with their social and cultural environments, people are transformed into participating members of their society
social self
42
process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society; it describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
43
individuals develop their concept of self by observing how they are perceived by others
looking-glass self theory
44
sociologist who coined the looking glass self theory
charles horton cooley
45
the “I” is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the “me” is the organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes
role taking theory
46
conceptualizes the mind as the individual importation of the social process
george herbert mead
47
occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture
primary socialization
48
process of learning the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society
secondary socialization
49
theory that an individual’s peer groups, rather than parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood
group socialization
50
process whereby an employee learns the knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role
organizational socialization
51
structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity
institutions
52
the capacity for introspection and the ability to reconcile oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals
self-awareness
53
a group sharing a common understanding and often the same language, manners, tradition, and law
community
54
first brought dramaturgy into the language of social psychology with his publication “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life”
erving goffman
55
a model for human behavior that studies how humans establish meaning to their lives; suggests that a person’s identity is not a stable and independent psychological entity, but is constantly remade as the person interacts with others
dramaturgical perspective
56
actions that are visible to the audience and are part of the performance
front stage
57
people engage in this behavior when no audience is present
back stage
58
greek word meaning soul or spirit
psyche
59
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychology
60
described two aspects of the self that he termed the “I Self” and “Me Self”
william james
61
reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world
i self
62
referring to individuals’ reflections about themselves
me self
63
tangible objects or possessions we collect for ourselves
material self
64
how we interact and portray ourselves within different groups, situations, or persons
social self
65
internal dispositions
spiritual self
66
individual traits, abilities and possessions
individual self
67
other people with whom we have a personal relationship
relational self
68
social roles, social categories, and social group membership
collective self
69
chemical messengers in the body; their job is to transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells
neurotransmitters
70
fight or flight neurotransmitter; it increases heart rate and blood flow, leading to a physical boost and heightened awareness; produced during stressful or exciting situations
adrenaline
71
concentration neurotransmitter; it contracts blood vessels and increases blood flow, improving attention and the speed at which responsive actions occur
noradrenaline
72
pleasure neurotransmitter; responsible for feelings of pleasure, but is also involved in movement and motivation
dopamine
73
mood neurotransmitter; contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness; affected by exercise and light exposure; plays a role in the sleep cycle and digestive system regulation
serotonin
74
calming neurotransmitter; inhibits neuron firing in the cns; contributes to motor control and vision
GABA
75
learning neurotransmitter; involved in thought, learning and memory within the brain; activates muscle contraction in the body; associated with attention and awakening
acetylcholine
76
memory neurotransmitter; regulates development and creation of new nerve pathways; involved in learning and memory
glutamate
77
euphoria neurotransmitter; associated with feelings of euphoria and a reduction in pain; released during exercise, excitement and sex
endorphins
78
father of psychoanalysis; believed that human beings pass through a series of psychosexual stages
sigmund freud
79
roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts
libido
80
the tendency to stay at a particular stage
fixation
81
the first year of life; marks the infant’s need for gratification from mother
oral stage
82
reflects the toddler’s need for gratification along the rectal area
anal stage
83
concentrates on the preschooler’s gratifications involving the genitals
phallic stage
84
sexual desires are repressed and all the child’s available libido is channeled into socially accepted outlets
latency stage
85
characterized by the maturation of the reproductive system, production of sex hormones, and a reactivation of the genital zone as an area sensual pleasure
genital stage
86
consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind
preconscious
87
contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment
conscious
88
a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness
unconscious
89
divided childhood into three substages: anarchic, monarchic, dualistic
carl gustav jung
90
characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness; experiences in this phase sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized
anarchic phase
91
the ego as perceiver arises during this phase of childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective
dualistic phase
92
the period from puberty until middle life; a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever
youth
93
said that individuals develop a healthy personality by mastering life’s outer and inner dangers
erik erickson
94
human life is a social endeavor that involves linkages and interactions among people
trust vs. mistrust
95
as children begins to crawl, walk, climb, and explore, a new conflict confronts them, whether to assert their will or not
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
96
the repertoire of motor and mental abilities that are open to children greatly expands
initiative vs. guilt
97
as children move into the world of school, they gain a sense of industry by winning recognition for their achievements
industry vs. inferiority
98
the psychological question one must answers in this age is “who am i?”; in this process, teenagers must develop an integrated and coherent sense of self
identity vs. role confusion
99
intimacy finds expression in deep friendship, close involvement, however may result in rejection
intimacy vs. isolation
100
defined as a reaching out beyond one’s own immediate concerns to embrace the welfare of society and of future generations; it entails selflessness
generativity
101
a condition in which individuals are preoccupied with their material possessions or physical well-being
stagnation
102
as individuals approach the end of life, the tend to take stock of the years that have gone before
integrity vs. despair
103
built on the assumption that social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, are largely responsible for shaping personality
karen horney
104
who we actually are; it is how we think, how we feel, look, and act
real self
105
how we want to be; an idealized image that we have developed over time, based on what we have learned and experienced
ideal self
106
he added that for a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
carl rogers
107
defined as the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself
self-concept
108
a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience
incongruence
109
refers to the body; the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined
physical self
110
the perception that a person has of their physical self and the thoughts and feelings that result from that perception
body image
111
it is your opinion of yourself
self-esteem
112
a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic sense, especially the sight
beauty
113
defined as an individual’s evaluation of his or her own sexual feelings and actions
sexual self
114
awareness and acceptance of our own body
sensuality
115
experiencing emotional closeness to another
intimacy
116
process of discovering who we are in terms of sexuality
sexual identity
117
values, attitudes, and behaviors relating to reproduction
reproduction
118
use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate
sexualization
119
any force that draws people together
attraction
120
it is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection and attachment; a deep, ineffable feeling of tenderly caring for another person
love
121
suggests that people can have varying degrees of intimacy, passion, and commitment at any one moment in time
robert sternberg
122
involves feelings and desires that lead to physical attraction, romance, and sexual consummation
passion
123
involves feelings that lead a person to remain with someone and move toward shared goals
commitment
124
this type of love is when the intimacy or liking component is present, but feelings of passion or commitment in the romantic sense are missing; it can be the root of other forms of love
friendship
125
characterized by feelings of lust and physical passion without liking and commitment; there has not been enough time for a deeper sense of intimacy, romantic love, or consummate love to develop
infatuation
126
partners in this type of relationship have deep conversations that help them know intimate details about each other
romantic love
127
an intimate, but non-passionate sort of love; this type of love is often found in marriages where the passion has died, but the couple continues to have deep affection or a strong bond together
companionate love
128
in this type of love, commitment and passion are present while intimacy or liking is absent; often witnessing this leaves others confused about how the couple could be so impulsive
fatuous love
129
made up of all three components and is the total form of love; it represents an ideal relationship
consummate love
130
a dynamic spectrum and may change through time; they go through a process of discovery, as they are uncertain
sexual orientation
131
refers to what we actually do to experience the fullness or our sexual body
sexual behavior
132
characterized by having the urge to experience pleasure through sexual intimacy with someone
lust
133
these are usually released after partners experienced fullness of sexual union, during childbirth and nursing a baby, cuddling, and other emotionally intimate activities
attachment
134
the stage preparatory to marriage; it includes a body of folkways and mores through which a man and woman can come to some point of mutual understanding from which a permanent union may emerge
courtship
135
a system in which a man and a woman agree to be together at a designated place and time
dating
136
the practice of dating one person exclusively, although it does not necessarily imply the prospect of marriage
going steady
137
this takes place usually during the period of going steady when a man openly declares his love and affection for the woman and his desire to have her for a wife
private understanding
138
this relationship is a direct result of personal interaction and companionship that border private understanding and engagement
engagement
139
place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage; strict separation of boys and girls in early childhood through adolescence; usually more restrictive for girls than boys
restrictive cultures
140
have prohibitions but they are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
semi-restrictive cultures
141
encourage and expect adolescent sexuality
permissive cultures
142
the cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining
menstruation
143
the onset of menstruation, the first period
menarche
144
the cessation of menstruation
menopause
145
mild to severe pain or discomfort during menstruation
dysmenorrhea
146
symptoms that regularly afflict many women during the four to six days prior to menstruation each month
premenstrual syndrome (pms)
147
the enlargement and stiffening of the penis as a consequence of filling with blood
erection
148
expulsion of semen from tip of penis; a spinal reflex triggered when sexual stimulation reaches the threshold
ejaculation
149
a substance that arouses or increases one’s capacity for sexual pleasure
aphrodisiac
150
chemical substances secreted externally which are odorless; contained in vaginal secretions and urine
pheromones
151
the climax of sexual excitement
orgasm
152
sexual self-stimulation either manual or with the aid of an artificial device such as a vibrator
masturbation
153
a process that continues from conception to death
development
154
the biological transmission of traits that have evolved from generation to generation
heredity
155
develop from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that splits in two
identical twins
156
develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs
fraternal twins
157
begins at conception, when male sperm unites with female ovum or egg
germinal stage
158
produces tissue within the lungs, thyroid and pancreas
endoderm
159
aids in the production of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, tissues within the kidneys, and red blood cells
mesoderm
160
produces tissues within the epidermis, aids in the formation of neurons within the brain, and constructs melanocytes
ectoderm
161
begins, lasting until the eight week of conception
embryonic stage
162
begins after 8 weeks; the embryo, now called fetus, further develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary from during the embryonic stage
fetal stage
163
extends from birth to 18-24 months or 2 years; referred as babyhood
infancy
164
an infant for the first few days after birth
neonate
165
technique used to enhance the individual’s perception on self and others
johari window
166
biological self; animalistic nature of man
ID
167
social self; incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others
superego
168
psychological self; tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world
ego
169
redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening people or objects
displacement
170
when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or block unpleasant feelings
repression
171
the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety
regression
172
attributing the unwanted impulse to another person
projection
173
considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past
temporal comparison
174
evaluating yourself in comparison to others - using others as a basis for evaluating your attributes
social comparison
175
when we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us
upward social comparison
176
when we compare ourselves to others who are worse off than ourselves
downward social comparison
177
happens when a person compared himself/herself with others by demeaning or causing harm to them
active downward comparison
178
occurs when someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares himself/herself with
self-evaluation
179
occurs when the person questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with
self-enhancement
