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HISTOPATH <====3 > midterms > Flashcards

midterms Flashcards

1
Q

The following can gross specimens

A

histotechnologist
biomedical scientists
resident
pathologist
physician assistant

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2
Q

Cellular materials are spread
lightly (slide, applicator stick, or
wire loop)

A

smear preparation

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3
Q

optimum condition of tissue for sectioning in cold knife procedure

A

0 to 10c

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4
Q

Utilized when rapid diagnosis of tissue is required

A

FROZEN SECTIONS

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5
Q

other word for cryostat procedure

A

cold microtome

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6
Q

example of additive fixation

A

formalin
mercury
osmium tetroxide

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7
Q

T or F? Fixative have the property of forming cross links between proteins

A

True

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8
Q

proteins and cells are digested and broken down by their own enzymes, independent of a bacterial action, this process is known as

A

autolysis

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9
Q

a portion of the tumor is removed

A

incisional biopsy

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10
Q

Acts as both fixative and dehydrating agent

A

ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES

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11
Q

Tissues should not be more than

A

5mm thick

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12
Q

types of fixatives according to composition

A

simple (one component)
compound (2 or more)

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13
Q

Important determinants of neoplastic specimens

A

tumor

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14
Q

Fixes nucleoproteins, chromosomes and destroys the
mitochondria and Golgi bodies

A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

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15
Q

Practical consideration of fixation speed

A

fixed immediately

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16
Q

Rapid decomposition occurs in the following organs

A

kidney
liver
pancreas

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17
Q

T or F? All the controls to the microtome are operated from outside the cabinet

A

True

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18
Q

Correct fixative to tissue ratio

A

20:1 to 10:1

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19
Q

Primary purpose of fixation

A

preserve the morphological and chemical integrity of the cell

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20
Q

Most common metallic fixative, 5-7%

A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE

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21
Q

Tissues are placed in a
microscopic slide and forcibly
compressed with another slide or coverslip, less than 1mm thickness of tissue

A

squash preparation

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22
Q

alcoholic formalin

A

coagulates mucus

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23
Q

in hydrogen ion concentration, satisfactory fixation occurs between

A

6 to 8 pH, nuclear <4.6 and cytoplasmic >4.6

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24
Q

These studies may require fresh samples, fixed
specimens

A

pediatric specimens

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25
Q

osmolality required in the fixation of fixatives

A

hypertonic - shrink
hypotonic - swell
ideal - 400 to 450

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26
Q

three important determinants of neoplastic specimens

A

overall size of tumor

depth of invasion into or through the tissue walls

involvement of margins and lymph nodes

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27
Q

recommended for CNS tissues

A

10% formol saline

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28
Q

secondary purpose of fixation

A

harden and protect the tissue

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29
Q

most rapid and commonly available freezing agent

A

liquid nitrogen

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30
Q

Achieved by exposing the tissue to chemical compounds called

A

stabilization

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31
Q

For acid MPS (mucopolysaccharide)/Alcian Blue, Fixes connective tissue mucin

A

LEAD FIXATIVES

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32
Q

Used for preparing mucoid secretion, vaginal secretion, and gastric content

A

streaking

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33
Q

May include the year and month the specimen was received

A

accession number

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34
Q

Usually taken with a larger lesion or of a generalized inflammatory or other disease process

A

core biopsies

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35
Q

First and most critical step

A

fixation

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36
Q

microscopic study of tissues affected by disease

A

histopathology

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37
Q

Incorporated into compound fixatives and Weak decalcifying agent

A

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

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38
Q

Tissue specimen is immersed in a
watch glass containing ______________

A

isotonic normal saline solution

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39
Q

Are processed in cassettes either with a fine
mesh, in lens paper, or in a “tea bag

A

small specimens

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40
Q

Excellent for glycogen demonstration

A

PICRATE FIXATIVES

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41
Q

Use a spatula, dissecting needle or applicator stick and streak in a zigzag fashion

A

streaking

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42
Q

An accurate diagnosis
from this tissue is
dependent upon the
correct

A

identification
handling
processing

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43
Q

EFFECTS OF FIXATIVES

A

Hardens soft and friable tissues

Makes cells resistant to damage and distortion

Inhibit bacterial decomposition

Increase optical differentiation of cells

Acts as mordant or accentuator thereby facilitating staining process

Reduce the risk of infection

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44
Q

temperature required in the fixation of fixatives

A

routine - RT
em - 0c to 4c

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45
Q

considered the primary technique for obtaining
diagnostic full-thickness skin specimens

A

punch biopsy

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46
Q

Fixative should be __________ the specimen volume

A

20x

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47
Q

Gross examination and processing of pediatric
biopsies requires special care because

A

due to diagnostic
difficulties of pediatric lesions/diseases

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48
Q

Should be taken with the lesion at its center

A

core biopsies

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49
Q

optimum working temperature during cryostat procedure

A

-18c to -20c

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50
Q

Tissue specimen is immersed in a watch glass containing isotonic normal saline solution

A

teasing or dissociation

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51
Q

usual fixation time

A

24hrs

52
Q

advantage of mercuric chloride

A

Used for the routine fixative of tissue photography for brilliant metachromatic staining of cells

53
Q

removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the surrounding tissue

A

core biopsy

54
Q

METHODS OF SMEAR PREPARATION

A

streaking
spreading
pull-apart
touch

55
Q

The fixative becomes a part of the tissue by formation of cross links or complexes, Stabilizes the tissue proteins

A

additive fixation

56
Q

Zenker’s Solution composed of:

A

Mercuric Chloride (shrinks the tissue)

Glacial HAC (swells the tissue)

57
Q

Uses carbon dioxide

A

cryostat procedure

58
Q

For preparation of direct impression from the cut surface of tissue: lymph nodes, other surgical secretions, autopsy secretions

A

touch smear

59
Q

Depending upon the size of the biopsy, it may be bisected, trisected, or cut into sections

A

shave biopsies of skin

60
Q

duration of fixation required in the fixation of fixatives

A

24hrs

61
Q

preservative and storage of surgical, post-mortem and research specimens

A

10% neutral buffered formalin

62
Q

2 METHODS OF PREPARING FROZEN SECTIONS

A

cold knife procedure

cryostat procedure

63
Q

Highly explosive when dry, Yellow in color

A

PICRATE FIXATIVES

64
Q

Preserve specific parts and particular microscopic elements of the cell

A

cytological

65
Q

workflow of histological technique

A

fixing
processing
embedding
cutting
staining
microscopy

66
Q

Small core biopsies______________ should be embedded totally without cutting it.

A

2mm

67
Q

recommended for routine post-mortem tissues

A

formol-corrosive

68
Q

Satisfactory for routine paraffin sections, For electron microscopy, and For Histochemical and enzyme studies

A

ALDEHYDE FIXATIVES

69
Q

Practical consideration of fixation penetration

A

1mm/hr

70
Q

Frozen Section Indications:

A

rapid diagnosis

to optimally process tissues for special studies for diagnosis, treatment, or research

to confirm that lesion tissue is present for diagnosis on permanent sections (sample adequacy)

71
Q

Method of choice for surgical removal of ________________ but
may be sometimes removed by shaving

A

whole organ, excisional biopsy

72
Q

mounting media of cryostat

A

water

20 – 30% Bovine Albumin

Von Apathy gum syrup

73
Q

optimum condition of tissue for sectioning in cold knife procedure

A

5c to -10c

74
Q

T or F? small specimens should NOT be cut, bisected, or inked while fresh and infixed

A

True

75
Q

Pediatric tumors are rare — often necessary
to use the ff:

A

immunohistochemistry

electron microscopy

flow cytometry

cytogenetics

76
Q

Most common, widely used

A

FORMALDEHYDE (FORMALIN)

77
Q

When the entire tumor is removed

A

excisional biopsy

78
Q

A refrigerated cabinet in which a modified microtome is housed

A

cryostat

79
Q

Process by which the constituents of cells and tissues are fixed in a physical and chemical state so that they will withstand subsequent treatment with various reagents with minimum loss of architecture

A

fixation

80
Q

microscopic study of the normal tissues of the body

A

histology

81
Q

Fixes brain tissue for rabies diagnosis

A

ACETONE

82
Q

Recommended for renal tissue, fibrin, connective tissues and
muscles

A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE

83
Q

recommended for preservative of lipids especially phospholipid

A

formal calcium

84
Q

freezing agents of cryostat

A

Liquid Nitrogen

Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen

Carbon dioxide gas

Aerosol spray

85
Q

Other Factors that Affect Fixation

A

retardation

acceleration

86
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIXATIVE

A

cheap

stable

safe to handle

hardens tissue

isotonic

87
Q

Label should be firmly attached to the _________ of container not to the lid of container

A

body

88
Q

example of non-additive fixation

A

alcoholic fixation

89
Q

Made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

90
Q

Often small and can be excisional, shave,
core, or re-excisional biopsies

A

specimen from dermatology

91
Q

The specimen container label and the accompanying request form should include

A

patients name
age or birth date
medical record number

92
Q

microscopy used in teasing or disociation

A

bright field

contrast

93
Q

meaning of OCT

A

optimum cutting temp

94
Q

Original site of a lesion may need to be re-excised if

A

the margin are invaded by tumor

too close to the tumor melanoma or basal cell carcinoma

95
Q

where small fragments of tissue are “shaved” from a
surface (usually skin)

A

shave biopsy

96
Q

thickness of section required in the fixation of fixatives

A

1-2mm² for em
2cm² for light microscopy

97
Q

microtome of cold knife procedure

A

cryostat

98
Q

Decomposition results from

A

Deprivation of oxygen and essential metabolites

Accumulation of carbon dioxide and other products of cell metabolism

Autolysis

99
Q

used for serous fluids, concentrated sputum, enzymatic lavage. smears of urinary sediment, vaginal pool, and breast secretion

A

pull-apart

100
Q

Permits the general microscopic study without altering the structural and normal intracellular relationship of tissues

A

microanatomical

101
Q

METHODS OF FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION

A

teasing

squash preparation

smear preparation

frozen section

102
Q

Used for thick mucoid secretions, smears of fresh sputum, and bronchial aspirates

A

spreading

103
Q

optimum condition of knife for sectioning in cold knife procedure

A

-40c to -60c

104
Q

disadvantage of mercuric chloride

A

Considerable lysis of RBC

105
Q

usual temp for surgical specimen

A

room temp

106
Q

methods of tissue examination

A

fresh tissue examination

preserved/fixed tissue examination

107
Q

alternative to mercuric chloride formulation

A

unbuffered zinc formalin

108
Q

may react with hemoglobin
forming acid formaldehyde hematin

A

10% FORMALDEHYDE

109
Q

thickness of frozen section specimens

A

10-15um

110
Q

The fixative does not become part of the tissue, Alters the tissue components, Stabilizes the tissue by removing of the bound water

A

non-additive fixation

111
Q

is the simplest, least invasive test and uses the smallest needle to simply remove cells from the area of abnormality

A

fine needle aspiration

112
Q

Solid structures and tissues must be preserved and carefully processed in the following order

A

identification
fixing
decalcification
dehydration
clearing
infiltration
embedding
trimming
section cutting
staining
amounting
labelling

113
Q

cryostat – temp. should be

A

-17c

114
Q

Is where tissue specimens
from the operating theaters
and clinics are received

A

specimen reception laboratory

115
Q

Preserve chemical constituents of cells and tissues

A

HISTOCHEMICAL

116
Q

Deals with the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination

A

HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE

117
Q

limitations of frozen section:

A

Limited section sampling

Ice crystal or freezing artifact

Inferior quality compared to paraffin sections

Lack of special studies

Special stains, immunohistochemistry, culture

Lack of consultation for difficult cases

118
Q

Method of choice for surgical removal of melanoma but
may be sometimes removed by shaving

A

excisional biopsy

119
Q

where tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or
growths from body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal

A

curettings

120
Q

recommended smear preparation for nervous tissue/lipids

A

frozen sections

121
Q

Rapidly denatures and precipitates proteins

A

ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES

122
Q

temperature of frozen section

A

-10c to -20c

123
Q

Optimal turn-around time of frozen section

A

less than 15min

124
Q

Larger core biopsies __________should be bisected eccentrically and embedded
with cut surfaces down

A

4mm

125
Q

concentration required in the fixation of fixatives

A

10%
stock -40%

HISTOPATH <====3 (1 decks)

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