Midterms Flashcards
It involves finding out about things that no-one else knew either.
Research
It involves advancing the frontiers of knowledge.
Research
An activity that involves finding out things in a less or more systematic way.
Research
all _______ fields are _______ fields
academic, research
Give the fields of research
Disciplinary
Multidisciplinary
Interdisciplinary
Transdisciplinary/ convergence
A field of research that deals within one academic discipline
Disciplinary
A field of research that focuses on the development of new disciplinary knowledge
Disciplinary
A field of research wherein people from diff. disciplines work independently on a common problem.
Multidisciplinary
A field of research wherein the faculty share one common goal but look at it from their own discipline’s perspective.
Multidisciplinary
What is the advantage of multidisciplinary research?
The advantage is that each aspect can be analyzed by a particular specialty, which is necessary to answer complex research problems.
A field of research wherein the findings from each discipline are supplementary to each other.
Multidisciplinary
A field of research that relies on shared knowledge.
Interdisciplinary
What is the advantage of interdisciplinary research?
It integrates knowledge from two or more disciplines to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline.
In interdisciplinary research \, the diff. disciplines _______ and ______ _______.
Interact and work collaboratively
A field of research that has a similarity with multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research.
Transdisciplinary
A field of research that integrates insights and approaches from what have been historically been distinct scientific and technological disciplines.
Transdisciplinary
A field of research that must be deeply collaborative, involving a deep integration of disciplines
Transdisciplinary
A field of research wherein results should be a positive societal impact
Transdisciplinary
Give me 3 characteristics of research (part 1)
- Begins with a question from the researcher
- Requires plan
- Demands clear statement of the problem.
Give me 3 characteristics of research (part 2)
- Deals with the main problem through sub-problems
- Deals with facts
- Cyclical
A type of reasoning wherein the formation of conclusion is based on facts
Deductive reasoning
A type of reasoning with top to top-down approach to problems or from a general or universal premise.
Deductive Reasoning
A type of reasoning wherein the conclusions are based on what is known or observed
Abductive reasoning
A type of reasoning with a bottom-up approach to problems or from specific premises
Inductive reasoning
A type of reasoning wherein the conclusions are a probability rather than certain
Inductive
A type of reasoning wherein it forms a conclusion from information that is known.
Abductive reasoning
A type of reasoning that leads you to the best explanation on the state of events.
Abductive reasoning
A type of reasoning that deals with guesswork and forming a hypothesis like a doctor and detective.
Abductive reasoning
Give the personal characteristics of a researcher
Social skills
Patience
Flexibility
Persistence
Self-confidence
Determination
Give the academic characteristics of a researcher
Analytical mind
Global outlook
Writing skills
Innovative approach
Presentation skills
Scientific discipline
Give the academic characteristics of a researcher
Concentration
Insight
Keen observation
Originality
Precision and accuracy
Intellectual curiosity
Give the types of research according to purpose
Predictive research
Directive research
Illuminative research
A type of research that is chiefly concerned with forecasting outcomes, consequences or effects.
Predictive research/ Prognostic research
A type of research that tries to extrapolate from the analysis of existing phenomena etc. in order to predict something that has not been tried before.
Predictive research/ Prognostic research
A type of research with the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling the variables for the better
Predictive research/ Prognostic research
A type of research that determines what should be done based on the findings
Directive Research
A type of research that has a specific aim or is directed at a specific thing.
Directive research
A type of research that is concerned with the interactions of the variable being investigated (connections)
Illuminative research
Classification of research according to goal
Basic/ Pure research
Applied research
A type of research that is conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning or for the development of theories or principles.
Basic/ Pure research
A type of research with the main motivation to expand man’s knowledge
Basic/Pure research
A type of research that has no commercial value to the discoveries
Basic/ Pure Research
A type of research that is testing the efficacy of theories and principles
Applied Research
A type of research that applies the results of pure research
Applied Research
Types of research according to levels of investigation
Exploratory research
Descriptive research
Experimental research
A type of research wherein the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific situation but doesn’t really offer a result.
Exploratory research
A type of research that focuses in establishing the hypothesis rather than deriving the result
Exploratory research
A type of research that concerns itself with defining issues or problems that are entirely not well-defined
Exploratory research
A type of research can conclude that a presumed phenomenon does not exist.
Exploratory research
This type of research is often known as sense-making research since it clarifies and sheds light on murky issues.
Exploratory research
A type of research that studies the relationships of the variables but can’t control them.
Descriptive research
A type of research that focuses on investigating and mapping problems, processes, or other existing phenomena.
Descriptive research
A type of research that is also termed as Ex post facto research (after the fact)
Descriptive research
This type of research emphasizes factual reporting, and can only report the details as they took place.
Descriptive Research
What are the methods used by descriptive research?
Observations, surveys, and case studies
A type of research wherein you can determine correlations between the variables applied and their effects on each other.
Experimental research
A type of research that uses the scientific method to find preferable ways of accomplishing a task for providing a service.
Experimental research
A variable that is changed by the scientist to ensure a good experiment.
Independent variable
A variable that responds to the change of the independent variable
Dependent variable
A variable that remains constant and must be observed as carefully as the dependent variable
Controlled variables
Classification of research according to the nature of data
Primary Research
Secondary research
This type of research involves the collection of primary data through data collection methods.
Primary research
It is data that has been generated by the researcher himself and designed for understanding the problem.
Primary data
This type of research uses existing data generated by large government institutions as part of organizational record-keeping.
Secondary research
This type of research is also termed desk-based research
Secondary research
What are the advantages of secondary research?
Inexpensive
Analyzed and filtered
Selecting the best data
Times saver
What are the advantages of primary research?
Meeting the requirements
First-hand data
What are the disadvantages of primary research?
Raw data
Expensive
Collection of data
Consumes a lot of time
This type of research depends on numerical data
quantitative data
This type of research are adopted for scientific and field-based research
Quantitative research
This type of research involves non-numerical data, such as opinions and literature
Qualitative research
This type of research is often used in the social sciences to collect and interpret information
Qualitative research
This type of research answers the why, what, and how
Qualitative Research
What are the categories of quantitative research?
Descriptive
Correlational
Casual-comparative/ Quasi-Experimental
Experimental research
This type of research seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable
Descriptive Research
This type of research attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using STATISTICAL DATA.
Correlational Research
This type of research will recognize trends and patterns in data
Correlational Research
This type of research where variables are not manipulated but only identified
Correlational research
This type of research attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables.
Quasi-experimental
This type of research is similar to true research but the independent variable is not manipulated by the experimenter
Quasi-experimental
Give the 10 hindrances to scientific inquiry
To err is a human
Mystification
Ego involvement in understanding
Made-up information
Illogical reasoning
Selective observation
Overgeneralization
Inaccurate observation
Authority
Tradition
This hindrance accepts that customs, beliefs, and superstitions are true and are parts of the daily lives of men.
Tradition
This hindrance accepts an opinion about a certain subject given by someone with authority on the subject
Authority
This hindrance describes the observation wrongly.
Inaccurate observation
This hindrance establishes a pattern out of a few instances
Overgeneralization
This hindrance believes in an observed pattern from an overgeneralization and ignores other patterns.
Selective observation
This hindrance makes up information to explain a way of confusion.
Made-up information
This hindrance attributes something to another without any logical basis
Illogical reasoning
This hindrance gives an explanation when one finds himself in an unfavorable situation
Ego-involvement in understanding
This hindrance is attributed to supernatural power
Mystification
This hindrance accepts the fallibility of man. Wherein the researcher does not make any effort to study why he had an error.
To err is human
What are the principles of the scientific method?
Rigid control
Objectivity
Systematic organization
Rigorous standards
This principle manipulates the research variable
Rigid control
This principle promotes no bias or partiality in treating the results if the inquiry
Objectivity
This principle ensures proper and accurate tabulation of data as well as presenting them in statistical tables
Systematic organization
This principle sets up standards that serve as the basis for evaluating the findings of a study.
Rigorous standards
This refers to a set of principles of right conduct
Ethics
What is a research misconduct?
It is plagiarism, falsification, and fabrication in proposing, performing, or reporting research results.
It is using another person’s idea, results, or words without giving appropriate credit
Plagiarism
It is making up data or results and recording them or reporting them
Fabrication
It is manipulating research material, equipment, or processes such that research is not accurately represented in the research record
Falsification
What are the elements of research ethics?
Social value
Informed consent
Transparency
Benefits, Risks, and safety
Element of research ethics wherein the results contribute to the well-being of the society.
Social value
Element of research ethics wherein the participant’s decision to take part in the research is out of his own free will.
Informed consent
Element of research ethics wherein the participant has the full opportunity to ask questions and should be answered honestly.
Essential Information for participants
Element of research ethics wherein the informed consent from the participant should be well documented consisting of signature or thumb mark.
Documentation of consent
Element of research ethics wherein the vulnerable participants shall require special protection
Vulnerability of Research participant
Element of research ethics wherein a research should give benefits to the participants.
Benefits, risks, and safety
Element of research ethics wherein you must respect the participants, right to privacy unless required by law
Privacy and confidentiality of information
Element of research ethics wherein all parties must be transparent about matters related to their involvement specifically in conflict of interests
Transparency
It is an element of ethical research that
promotes confidence in the research enterprise,
Transparency
It is a way of giving credit when a certain material in your work came from another source
Citation
It provides a certain roadmap to your research process
Citation
What is the importance of citation?
Gives proper credit to the authors
It allows your readers to locate your sources
Helps you avoid plagiarism
This citation style format is used by education, psychology and sciences
APA
This citation style format is used by the Humanities
MLA
This citation style format is used by business, history and the fine arts
Chicago/Turabian style
It is located at the end of the paper and contains all the sources cited in the paper.
Reference list
What is the purpose of a reference list?
To help readers find the materials used
What should be the order of references?
List each source alphabetically
What is the format of the reference list?
Double spaced
Centered and bolded
Hanging indent
It is a perplexing situation after it has been translated into a question that helps determine the direction of a subsequent inquiry
Problem
It implies that an investigation, inquiry, or study is to be conducted
Research problem
Elements of a research problem
Place/locale
Period/ time
Population/ universe
Aim/ purpose
Subject matter/ topic
What are the sources of research problems?
Deductions from Theory
Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Interviewing Practitioners
Personal Experience
Relevant Literature
A source of the research problem relates to deductions made from social philosophy embodied in life in society.
Deductions from Theory
A source of the research problem that offers an opportunity to construct a more complex issue
Interdisciplinary perspective
A source of the research problem that offers a chance to identify practical, “real world problems” that may be understudied by discussing with experts
Interviewing Practitioners
A source of the research problem about your own experiences or frustrations with an issue facing society.
Personal Experience
A source of the research problem from an extensive and thorough review of pertinent research associated with your area of interest
Relevant Literature
Why do we need to research?
Fill gaps in knowledge
Evaluate methodologies if applicable to be adapted to solve other problems
To determine if the same study coulb be applied to a different subject area
This is needed to find out and understand the causes and effects
Analysis
A diagram used to analyze a problem specifically its cause and effect
Ishikawa / fish bone diagram
What is the importance of the Ishikawa diagram?
It helps identify many possible causes for an effect and can be used to structure a brainstorming session.
This is a self evident truth which is based upon a known fact or phenomenon
Assumption
This is not explicitly expressed but left implicit, that is, they are unwritten
Assumption
Every specific question is based on?
Assumption
It is statements that are taken for granted or considered true, even not scientifically tested
Assumption
This is a tentative conclusion or answer at the beginning of the investigation
Hypothesis
An educated guess about answers
Hypothesis
A form of hypothesis that is thought of as an implied hypothesis or it states that there is no difference between variables
Null hypothesis
A form of hypothesis that is also known as the claim or state of what you expect the data to show
Alternative hypothesis
This is the skeletal or structural frame
Framework
This is the set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, or propositions that present a systematic view
Theoretical framework
This presents a scenario of a knowledge gap which the study intends to fill up by synthesizing what has been done and what still has to be done
Theoretical framework
This is the domain of your research or describes the research question that will be explored in your study
Scope
These is the factors or aspects of the research area that you’ll exclude from your research
Delimitation
It deals with the issues that are sometimes beyond the control of researchers but affect the methodology of the research
Limitation
It forms a more detailed and narrowed-down formulation of the scope in terms of exclusions
Delimitation
Take a 5-minute healthy break!
GO GURL
