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ENVISCI MIDTERMS > midterms > Flashcards

midterms Flashcards

1
Q

Cycle involves life

A

Bio

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2
Q

cycle may include atmosphere,
water, rocks, and soils

A

Geo

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3
Q

because it is chemicals that
are cycled

A

Chemical

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4
Q

-the paths chemicals take through
Earth’s major systems

-complete path a chemical takes
through the four major components,
or reservoirs, of Earth’s system

A

Biogeochemical Cycle

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5
Q

Earth’s Four major Components:

A

Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere

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6
Q

5 Biogeochemical Cycles:

A

➢ Water Cycle
➢ Carbon Cycle
➢ Nitrogen Cycle
➢ Sulfur Cycle
➢ Phosphorous Cycle

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7
Q

Transfer of water from oceans to
atmosphere to land then back to
oceans

A

Hydrologic Cycle

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8
Q

process of a liquid’s surface
changing to a gas

A

Evaporation

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9
Q

gas changing to a liquid

A

Condensation

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10
Q

any liquid or solid water that falls
to Earth as a result of
condensation in the atmosphere

A

Precipitation

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11
Q

ways of liquid water to move
across land

A

Runoff

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12
Q

-produced as snow or glaciers
melt and form streams or pools

  • important type of Runoff
A

Snowmelt

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13
Q

water vapor being released from
plants and soil

A

Transpiration

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14
Q

carbon is exchanged among the
biosphere, pedosphere,
geosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere of Earth

A

Carbon Cycle

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15
Q

element present in all organic
substances from coal to oil to DNA

A

Carbon

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16
Q

are compressed, chemically
altered remains of plants and
microorganisms that lived millions of
years ago

A

Coal and oil

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17
Q

materials that store carbon,
includes geological formations
and standing forests

A

Carbon Sinks

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18
Q

Plants take up CO2 and convert it
into organic matter

A

Photosynthesis

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19
Q

reservoir of carbon

A

Terrestrial (plants and geologic
formation)

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20
Q

-major carbon sink (reservoir)
- contains dissolved CO2,
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions

A

Ocean

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21
Q

-Important nutrient for living
organisms

  • Makes up 78% of air
A

Nitrogen

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22
Q

-only organisms that can use
nitrogen gas (N2) directly from the
atmosphere; “fix” or transform N2
into a form that plants can use
(as nutrient)

  • Lives within the roots of a few
    plants e.g., beans, peas, clover
    and alder trees
  • use sugars provided by the plants
    and, in exchange, produce
    ammonia, a form of nitrogen that
    plants can use (in a mutualistic
    relationship)
  • Excess nitrogen fixed by the
    bacteria is released into the soil
A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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23
Q

-N2 enters the trophic system

  • nitrogen (N2), which has a strong
    triple covalent bond, is converted
    into ammonia (NH3) or related
    nitrogenous compounds
A

Nitrogen Fixation

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24
Q

-process of NH3 release

  • Animals convert NH3 into urine,
    or another chemical that is not as
    poisonous as NH3
A

Ammonification

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25
Q
  • Because NH3 is poisonous, most
    of the NH3 which is released is
    untouchable. But soil bacteria
    have the ability to assimilate NH3
    into proteins. These bacteria
    effectively eats the NH3, and
    make proteins from it.
A

Assimilation

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26
Q

Some soil bacteria do not convert
NH3 into proteins, but they make
nitrate NO3- instead.

A

Nitrification

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27
Q
  • Takes NO3-, and converts it into
    N2, returning nitrogen gas back
    into the atmosphere.
  • breaks nitrate apart.
A

Denitrification

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28
Q

circulation of sulfur in various
forms through nature. Sulfur
occurs in all living matter as a
component of certain amino
acids.

A

Sulfur Cycle

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29
Q
  • is also an important component of
    coenzyme A, which is used to
    produce energy in cellular
    respiration
  • is essential to maintaining life
A

Sulfur

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30
Q

describes the movement of
phosphorus through the
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere.

A

Phosphorous Cycle

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31
Q
  • in unpolluted waters is imported
    through dust in precipitation or via
    weathering of rocks
  • is normally present in watersheds
    in extremely small amounts as
    inorganic orthophosphate,
    suspended as organic colloids,
    absorbed onto particulate organic
    and inorganic sediments
A

Phosphorous

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32
Q

➢ Tendency of all natural
systems to go from a state
of order toward a state of
increasing disorder

➢ Law of Entropy

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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33
Q

the rise in global
temperatures due mainly
to the increasing
concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere

A

Global Warming

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34
Q

process that occurs when
gases in Earth’s
atmosphere trap the Sun’s
heat

A

Greenhouse Effect

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35
Q

Great Smog in ____ killed
____ people in London

A

1952, 8000

36
Q

established the
Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC)
to make a study

A

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

37
Q

extra acidity in rain comes
from the reaction of air
pollutants, primarily sulfur
oxides and nitrogen
oxides, with water in the
air to form strong acids

A

Acid Rain

38
Q

syndrome of ecosystem
responses to human
activities that fertilize
water bodies with nitrogen
(N) and phosphorus (P),
often leading to changes
in animal and plant
populations and
degradation of water and
habitat quality

A

Eutrophication

39
Q

result of an excess of
nutrients (particularly
phosphorus and nitrogen)
into waters and higher
concentrations of these
nutrients in water cause
increased growth of algae
and green plants

A

Algae Blooms

40
Q

effect of
harmful algal blooms
(HAB)

A

Red Tide

41
Q

A international treaty that was designed
to reduce the movements of hazardous
waste between nations, and specifically
to prevent transfer of hazardous waste
from developed to less developed
countries (LDCs).

A

Basel Convention

42
Q

A landmark international agreement
designed to protect the stratospheric
ozone layer.

A

Montreal Protocol

43
Q
  • an international agreement that aims
    to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
    and the presence of greenhouse
    gases
  • Separates countries in two
    groups Annex l
    (developed) and NonAnnex l (developing
    nations)
A

Kyoto Protocol

44
Q

market based mechanism
for helping mitigate the
increase of CO2 in the
atmosphere.

A

Carbon Trading

45
Q

aims to protect the country’s water
bodies form pollution form landbased sources

A

RA 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004

46
Q

contamination of physical and
biological components of the
earth/atmosphere system

A

Environmental Pollution

47
Q

chemicals that ended up in
environments as the result of human
activities.

A

Environmental Pollutants

48
Q
  • Inorganic, transparent,
    tasteless, odorless and
    nearly colorless chemical
    substance
  • Main constituent of earth’s
    hydrosphere
A

Water

49
Q

Contamination of water

Currently the biggest consequence
is death of aquatic creatures

A

Water Pollution

50
Q

Systems to make water acceptable
for a desired usage

A

Water Treatment

51
Q
  • Remove or reduce contaminates in
    the water to meet required
    levels
  • In drinking water, should
    be potable and palatable
A

Water Treatment Process

52
Q

healthy for
human consumption

A

Potable

53
Q

free from
turbidity, color, odor and
objectionable taste.

A

Palatable

54
Q

lowest part of the
atmosphere - the part we live in. It
contains most of our weather - clouds,
rain, snow. In this part of the atmosphere
the temperature gets colder as the
distance above the earth increases

A

Troposphere

55
Q

extends upwards from
the tropopause to about 50 km. It
contains much of the ozone in the
atmosphere.

A

Stratosphere

56
Q

region above the
stratosphere is called the __________.
Here the temperature again decreases
with height, reaching a minimum of about
-90°C

A

Mesosphere

57
Q

lies above the
mesopause, and is a region in which
temperatures again increase with height.
This temperature increase is caused by
the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and
X-Ray radiation from the sun

A

Thermosphere

58
Q

The region above about 500
km is called the ________. It contains
mainly oxygen and hydrogen
atoms

A

Exosphere

59
Q

composite or generally
prevailing weather
conditions of a region

A

Climate

60
Q

a long-term shift in global
or regional climate
patterns.

A

Climate Change

61
Q

any alteration of the
physical, chemical and
biological properties of the
atmospheric air, or any
discharge thereto of any
liquid, gaseous or solid
substances

A

Air Pollution

62
Q

any matter found in the
atmosphere other than
oxygen, nitrogen, water
vapor, carbon dioxide, and
the inert gases in their
natural or normal
concentrations

A

Air Pollutant

63
Q

Released in a harmful form

A

Primary Pollutants

64
Q

Become hazardous after reactions in the air

A

Secondary Pollutants

65
Q

any building or immobile structure,
facility or installation which emits or
may emit any air pollutant

A

Stationary Source

66
Q

any vehicle propelled by or
through combustion of carbon-based or other fuel

A

Mobile Source

67
Q

those that do not go through a
smokestack

A

Fugitive Emissions

68
Q
  • any of several compound’s
    consisting of one or two
    carbon atoms combined
    with bromine and one or
    more other halogens
  • Are gases and used as
    fire-extinguishing agents
  • Between 3 or 10x more
    destructive to the ozone
    layer than CFC’s
A

Halons

69
Q
  • form of pollution that
    reduce the quality of life

–Noise
–Odors

A

Aesthetic Degradation

70
Q

amount of pollution
present in a broad area

A

Ambient Air Quality

71
Q

Any air contaminant, pollutant, gas
stream or unwanted sound from a
known source which is passed into
the atmosphere

A

Emission

72
Q

any device or apparatus used to
prevent, control or abate the
pollution of air caused by emissions

A

Pollution Control Device

73
Q

pollution control devices, production
process, fuel combustion processes
or other means that effectively
prevent or reduce emissions or
effluent

A

Pollution Control Technology

74
Q

early approach done by tall
smokestacks to send emissions far
from the source

A

Dilution

75
Q

used to remove sulfur oxides from
gas stream

A

Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)

76
Q

for particle sizes greater
than about 10 μm in diameter;

A

Cyclone

77
Q

for high efficiency control of
particles smaller than 5 μm in
diameter

A

Filters

78
Q

resembling a furnace filter; a packing of fibers is used to intercept the particles in the gas stream; good for relatively clean gases and low volumes such as air conditioning systems

A

Deep bed filter

79
Q

made of natural or synthetic fibers which intercept the partiles

A

Baghouse

80
Q

widely used as filtration fabrics because of their low cost, better temperature, and chemical-resistance characteristics and small fiber diameter; bag life varies from 1 and 5 years.

A

Synthetic Fibers

81
Q

used when particulate
matter to be collected is
wet, corrosive or very hot
that fabric filter may not
work

A

Liquid Scrubbing

82
Q

generic term
used to describe the
particulate matter
carried in effluent gases
from furnaces burning
fossil fuels

A

Fly ash

83
Q

first and best step in any
pollution control strategy
which is to minimize the
production of pollutants in
the first place

A

Waste Minimization

84
Q

mass transfer process in
which gas dissolves in liquid

A

Absorption

85
Q

mass transfer process in
which the gas is bonded to a solid

A

Adsorption

86
Q

Main water source of 2b people

A

Aquifers

ENVISCI MIDTERMS (1 decks)

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