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BIOETHICS > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q
  • Branch in philosophy that studies the nature and types of value
A

AXIOLOGY

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2
Q
  • Provide direction and meaning to life and a frame of reference for integrating, explaining, and evaluating new experiences, thoughts and relationships
A

VALUES

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3
Q

 A reflection of individual’s cognitive evaluation of right and wrong, good and bad

A

Moral Thoughts

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4
Q

 Preferences or dispositions reflective of right or wrong, should or should not in human behavior

A

Moral Values

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5
Q

Core Values
GETTIC-R

A

 Goals
 Ethics
 Trust
 Teamwork
 Innovation
 Customers
 Responsibility

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6
Q

Acquiring Values
CEEEFO

A

 Cultural
 Ethnic
 Familial
 Environmental
 Education
 Other experience of living

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7
Q

4 Things to know how self-aware are you

A

 Good understanding of self
 Introspective and self-accepting
 Know their strength and weaknesses
 Open to feedback

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8
Q

Moral Distress

A

 Reaction to the situation in which there is a moral problems that seem to have clear solutions, yet we are unable to follow our moral beliefs because of external restraints

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9
Q
  • Feel control
  • Know values
  • Do priorities
  • Value-creation
  • Sense making
A

BALANCE

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10
Q

 Oneself
 Family
 Work
 Friends
 Flexibility
 Reflection

A

TIME

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11
Q

 Family
 Spouse
 Boss
 Colleagues
 Need recognition
 Set limits

A

EXPECTATIONS

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12
Q

 Sleep
 Breaks
 Food
 Signs of flagging energy

A

WELL BEING

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13
Q

 Sense-making
 Conflicts/teamwork
 Positive spill-over
 Work process

A

ENERGY

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14
Q

T or F
 Nurses take part in decision-making on a broader scale

A

T

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15
Q

o Virtues become apparently through one’s behavior and are obviously linked to ethical principles Descriptions of character portray a way of being rather than the process of decision-making The ability to respond to ethical dilemmas then becomes hinged upon one’s character

A

Virtue Ethics

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16
Q

concerned with the character of individual nurses and seeks ways to enable nurses to develop character traits appropriate for actions that enhance wellbeing

A

Virtue Ethics

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16
Q

Cowardly
Addictive
Stingy
Self-deprecating
Boorish
Quarrelsome
Melancholy
Depraved
Envious
Mean
Lazy
EXAMPLE OF WHAT VIRTUE?

A

Vice (Deficiency)

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17
Q

Brave
Temperate
Generous
Truthful
Witty
Friendly
Spirited
Conscientious
Indignant
Benevolent
Industrious
EXAMPLE OF WHAT VIRTUE?

A

Virtue (Mean)

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18
Q

Rash
Ascetic
Extravagant
Boastful
Buffoonish
Bootlicking
Boisterous
Deferential
Retributive
Self-sacrificing
Single-minded
EXAMPLE OF WHAT VIRTUE?

A

Vice (Excess)

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19
Q

4 Virtue Ethics Tenets
It provides…
_____ account of moral ______
d - c
r - g
p - e
nc - m

A

It provides…
 a detailed account of moral character
 a rich account of moral goodness
 a plausible account of moral education
 a natural and convincing account of moral motivation

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20
Q

4 FOCAL VIRTUES:
C D T I

A
  • Compassion
  • Discernment
  • Trustworthiness
  • Integrity
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21
Q
  1. Virtuous acts must be chosen for their own sake
  2. Choice must proceed from a from and unchangeable character
  3. Virtue is a disposition to choose the mean
A

Aristotle’s traits of a virtuous character provided 3 criteria:

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22
Q
  • The Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses was made after a consultation on October 23, 2013 at Iloilo City after accredited professional organizations decided to adopt a new Code of Ethics under the _____
A

RA 9173

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23
Q
  • The Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses was made after a consultation on ____ at _____ after accredited professional organizations decided to adopt a new Code of Ethics under the RA 9173.
A

October 23, 2013 at Iloilo City

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24
Q

 Responding to ethical dilemmas depends upon own’s virtuous characteristics
 Becoming an ethical nurse requires commitment, personal investment, and the intention to become a “good” nurse

A

Code of Ethics in Nursing Practice

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25
Q

5 Ethics for Registered Nurses include responsibilities
RN and….
PPPEC

A

 People
 Practice
 Co-Workers
 Environment
 Profession

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26
Q

 Is concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on its norms and practices

philosophy
moral philosophy
morality
ethics

A

Ethics

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27
Q

 “Intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions that offers principles for deciding what actions and qualities are most worthwhile”

A

Philosophy

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28
Q

 The Philosophical discussion of what is considered good or bad, right or wrong, in terms of moral issues

A

Moral Philosophy

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29
Q

 Refers to traditions or beliefs about right and wrong conduct
 Social and cultural institution with history and code of learnable rules

A

Morality

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30
Q

Recognition of ______ of practice and engagement in a structured ethical decision-making process

A

ethical components

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31
Q

 Willingness and courage to participate in work that is emotionally painful
 Must have a solid knowledge base that prepares us to identify circumstances that evolve ethical component
 Be sensitive, patient, and insightful
 Knowledgeable and adept n making logical, fair and consistent decision

A

4 Basic Element

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32
Q

T or F
Nursing is a profession that deals with the most personal and private aspects of people lives

A

T

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32
Q

 W____ and c____ to participate in work that is emotionally painful
 Must have a solid k____ base that prepares us to identify circumstances that evolve ethical component
 Be s____, p____, and i____
 Knowledgeable and adept n making l____, f___ and c____ d____

A

Willingness and courage
solid knowledge
sensitive, patient, and insightful
logical, fair and consistent decision

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33
Q

T or F
Nurses may not be called to take part in decision making

A

F

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34
Q

T or F
nurses are faced with ethical choices that affects the profession itself

A

T

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35
Q

PHILOSOPHY that is
Attentive to critical examination of assumption about FACTS & ARGUMENT

A

Philosophy of KNOWLEDGE

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36
Q

PHILOSOPHY that is
Attentive to a critical examination of assumptions about NORMS or VALUES and include ETHICS

A

Philosophy of PRACTICE

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37
Q

 provides a framework for cohesive and consistent ethical reasoning and decision making

A

ETHICAL THEORY

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38
Q

Ethical theories are derived either of 2 basic schools of thoughts

A
  • NATURALISM
  • REALISM
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39
Q

Ethical Theory that View of moral judgment that regards ethics as dependent upon human nature and psychology

A

NATURALISM

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40
Q

Ethical Theory that Views that there is an absolute truth that is not dependent upon human nature through the process of reasoning

A

REALISM

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41
Q

T or F

moral or ethical rules, originating from a higher source and being free of the variances in human nature, are not always true

A

F

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42
Q

T or F
There are no apparent absolute rules governing ethics

A

T

43
Q

T or F
The answer to the question does not lies in the perspectives of the person involved

A

F

44
Q

theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved

T

A

Teleology

45
Q

5 The Structure Of Ethical Theories
DCT
NLT
U
VE
D

A

Divine Command Theory
Natural Law Theory
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics
Deontology

46
Q

Moral Grounding: supernatural commands
Criticism: Euthyphro Dilemma
Divine Command Theory
Natural Law Theory
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics
Deontology

A

Divine Command Theory

47
Q

Moral Grounding: basic goods
Criticism: is-ought gap
Divine Command Theory
Natural Law Theory
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics
Deontology

A

Natural Law Theory

48
Q

Moral Grounding: behavioral consequence
Criticism: repugnant conclusion
Divine Command Theory
Natural Law Theory
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics
Deontology

A

Utilitarianism

49
Q

Moral Grounding: character traits
Criticism: situational psychology
Divine Command Theory
Natural Law Theory
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics
Deontology

A

Virtue Ethics

50
Q

Moral Grounding: categorical imperative
Criticism: moral inflexibility
Divine Command Theory
Natural Law Theory
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics
Deontology

A

Deontology

51
Q

 Also called ‘consequentialism’, is a form of teleological theory.
 A moral theory that holds that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequences outcome, or end result that derived from it
 “The right action is that which has the greatest utility or usefulness”

A

Utilitarianism

52
Q

 Most famous for proposing the doctrine of Utilitarianism
 The doctrine is based on the idea that pleasure & pain are the motivation for all human action

Jeremy Bentham or Immanuel Kant

A

Jeremy Bentham

53
Q

2 Basic Types of Utilitarianism

A

Act-Utilitarianism
Rule-Utilitarianism

54
Q

 People choose actions that will, in any given circumstance, increase the overall good

Rule-Utilitarianism
Act-Utiliarianism

A

Act-Utilitarianism

55
Q

 People choose rules that, when followed consistently, will maximize the overall good

Rule-Utilitarianism
Act-Utiliarianism

A

Rule-Utilitarianism

56
Q

 Also called formalism, which comes from a Greek word that means DUTY.
 View that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act, rather than its consequences.
 “Knowledge of the right course of action in any given situation could be obtained by following a maxim that he called the categorical imperative”!

A

Deontology

56
Q

 Kantianism “Domination makes no allowance for the dominated person’s power of decision making”
 Everyone is equal to make a legislative decision - liberty, equality, and fraternity
 Considered as the foundation of contemporary beliefs

Jeremy Bentham or Immanuel Kant

A

Immanuel Kant

57
Q

Act must be good
Intention is good
First achieved good
Grave reason

Legitimate Cooperation
Double Effect

A

 Double Effect

58
Q

o Which is indentified with the purpose of an objectively evil act

Legitimate Cooperation
Double Effect

A

 Legitimate cooperation

59
Q

 Sum total of those conditions of social living whereby citizens are enabled more fully and more readily to achieve their own perfection

Common Good
Subsidiary

A

 Common good

60
Q

 Implies that the first responsibility to meet human needs rests with the free and competent individual, then with the local group

Common Good
Subsidiarity

A

Subsidiarity

61
Q

Ethical Principles 7

A

Autonomy
Beneficence
Confidentiality
Fidelity
Justice
Nonmaleficence
Veracity

62
Q

 Freedom to choose and do anything you want
 An important principle in cultures where all individuals are

A

Autonomy

63
Q

T or F
 Autonomy CANNOT thrive in a climate that does not allow for either the independent planning of personal goals or the privilege of examining and choosing options to meet goals

A

T

64
Q

Four Basic Elements of Autonomy
Autonomous person (r, d, d, f)
is r
able to dpg
capacity to dpoa
freedom to auc

A

o is respected
o able to determine personal goals
o capacity to decide on a plan of action
o freedom to act upon the choices

65
Q

T or F
The role of health care professionals is one of POWER based upon knowledge and authority and is inherent in the role

A

T

66
Q

T or F
NURSES ASSUMES that patients have the same values and goals as themselves

A

F
falsely assumes

66
Q

T or F
Failure to recognize that individual’s thoughts processes are SAME

A

F

different

67
Q

T or F
Failure to recognize subtle violations of patient’s autonomy lies in our assumptions about patient’s knowledge base

A

T

68
Q

T or F
Failure to recognize subtle violations of patient’s autonomy lies in the unfortunate fact that in some instances the “work” of nursing becomes the major focus

A

T

69
Q

 The process by which patients are informed of the possible outcomes, alternatives, and risks of treatments, and are required to give their consent freely

A

Informed Consent

70
Q

T or F
Informed Consent can be expired

A

T

71
Q

3 REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMED CONSENT

A
  1. It must be voluntary
  2. It must be informed
  3. Must be capable of giving their consent
72
Q

 It is important to recognize that obtaining consent is an _____
It requires careful consideration and judgment throughout the course of treatment

A

Active Process

73
Q

5 Types of Consent

EPIIO

A

 Implied Consent
 Oral Consent
 Expressed Consent
 Proxy Consent
 Informed Consent

74
Q

o Clinical checkup and treatment

 Implied Consent
 Oral Consent
 Expressed Consent
 Proxy Consent
 Informed Consent

A

 Implied Consent

74
Q

o Intimate examination

 Implied Consent
 Oral Consent
 Expressed Consent
 Proxy Consent
 Informed Consent

A

 Expressed Consent

75
Q

o Voluntary, detailed, counselled, competent, procedure and person specific

 Implied Consent
 Oral Consent
 Expressed Consent
 Proxy Consent
 Informed Consent

A

 Informed Consent

76
Q

the ff are;
 Assess and document
 Review rights of minors
 Develop therapeutic relationship
 Verify prior consent
 Serve as witness
o Exam
 Advocate for the patient
o Reinforce only the concept

A

Nurses’ Role Informed Consent

77
Q

is the process by which people with the legal right to consent to medical treatment for themselves or for a minor or a ward delegate that right to another person.
o Age
o Relationship
o Legal Responsibility
o Accessibility

A

PROXY CONSENT

78
Q

A pregnant woman at 15 weeks’ gestation is scheduled for an amniocentesis. As the client is being prepped for the procedure, it becomes clear to the nurse that the client doesn’t fully understand the risks and benefits associated with the procedure. Which of the following describe the nurse’s role in obtaining informed consent?
A. Explain the risks and benefits associated with the procedure.
B. Describe alternatives to the procedure.
C. Look for another witness for the client’s signature on the consent form.
D. Advocate for the client by ensuring she is making an informed decision.

A

D. Advocate for the client by ensuring she is making an informed decision.

79
Q

A married couple who recently immigrated from Argentina bring their 15-yearold daughter to see a counselor at a community clinic. Neither of the parents speaks English; however, their daughter feels very comfortable communicating in both Spanish and English. What are the therapist’s responsibilities at the onset of treatment?

A. Obtain informed consent from the daughter since she is old enough to consent on her own
B. Take additional steps to ensure parents’ comprehension of the informed consent contract
C. Document in the record the fact that parents do not speak English
D. Allow the family to take the informed consent papers home so they can take their time in translating and filling out necessary paperwork

A

B. Take additional steps to ensure parents’ comprehension of the informed consent contract

80
Q

 The unwillingness of patient to participate in health care activities.

A

NONCOMPLIANCE

81
Q

 Requires nurses to act in ways that benefits patients
o Morally & legally demanded by our professional role
 Promote goodness
 Prevent harm
 Remove evil or harm
 DOING GOOD

 Foundation of beneficence – caring for someone

A

Beneficence

82
Q

‘FIRST DO NO HARM”
 Requires to act in such a manner as to AVOID causing harm to patients.
 Avoiding harm as to the consequence of doing good
 If it can harm our patient we should not continue procedure. We should always prioritize the safety of a person

A

Nonmaleficence

83
Q

The emergency room team decides that the most critically ill patient will be treated first. Which of the ff ethical principles is illustrated by the decision-making process in this case?

A. Autonomy
B. Beneficence
C. Nonmaleficence
D. Respect

A

B. Beneficence

84
Q

 Relates to the practice of telling the truth
 Openness and Honesty
 Truth telling engenders respect, open communication, trust, and shared responsibility
 Violation shows lacks of respect

A

Veracity

85
Q

 Nondisclosure of private or secret information with which one is entrusted
 Can be found in the oaths of medicine and nursing
 The ability to maintain privacy in one’s life is an expression of autonomy
 Always deidentify all identifyers

A

Confidentiality

86
Q

 is an important consideration in situations in which confidentiality conflicts with the duty to warn.

foreseeablity
vulnerability

A

Foreseeability

87
Q

 implies risk or susceptibility to harm when vulnerable individuals have a relative inability to protect themselves

foreseeablity
vulnerability

A

Vulnerability

88
Q

A principle that relates to fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons, recognizing that giving to some will deny receipt of others who might otherwise have received these things

A

Justice

89
Q

 refers to the perceived fairness of an allocation or, more broadly, to how people judge what they receive

A

Distributive Justice

90
Q

Distributed Justice
 To each e
 To each according to n
 To each according to m
 To each according to s c
 To each according to the p r
 To each according to i e
 To each as you would be d by
 To each according to the greatest good to the greatest n

A

equally
need
merit
social contribution
person’s rights
individual effort
done
greatest number

91
Q

 Related to the concept of faithfulness and the practice of keeping promises

A

Fidelity

92
Q

usually means remaining loyal and steadfast
This word is associated with religion

A

FAITHFULNESS

93
Q

showing a strong feeling of support or allegiance to something or someone
This word not is associated with religion

A

LOYALTY

94
Q

You are one of the vaccinators in the Measles- Rubella Campaign. One mother hesitated since she verbalized that it would hurt her son. As a well-versed nurse about ethical considerations, you explained to the mother that it might cause discomfort, but it will protect her son from acquiring the said diseases. What principle did you utilize?

A. Autonomy
B. Beneficence
C. Nonmaleficence
D. Justice

A

A

94
Q

 A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning.

principle
stewardship
fidelity
veracity

A

Principle

95
Q

4 principles of bioethics

STOP

A

 Stewardship
 Totality and its Integrity
 Ordinary and Extraordinary Means
 Personalized Sexuality

96
Q

Principle that Appreciate of the 2 greatest gifts God gave us:
 The earth, with its natural resources
 Own human nature with its biological, psychological, social, and spiritual capacities

 Stewardship
 Totality and its Integrity
 Ordinary and Extraordinary Means
 Personalized Sexuality

A

Principle of Stewardship

97
Q

refers to the execution of the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to look after, provide necessary health care services and promote the health and life of those entrusted to their care

setewardship
ordinary
unordinary
personalized sexuality

A

Stewardship

98
Q

 The human body is an integral part of the human person (whatever happens in the body, should always be respected) and is therefore worthy of human dignity.

 Stewardship
 Totality and its Integrity
 Ordinary and Extraordinary Means
 Personalized Sexuality

A

Principle of Totality and its Integrity

99
Q

 means are those “means of treatment available (that) are objectively proportionate to the prospects for improvement
 Ex. Nutrition, Hydration, Cleanliness, Warmth
 Basic administering

A

ORDINARY

100
Q

 means are “medical procedures which no longer correspond to the real situation of the patient, either because they are by now disproportionate to any expected results or because they impose an excessive burden on the patient and his family.”
 Test that is not part of the treatment

A

EXTRAORDINARY

101
Q

means offers a reasonable hope for benefit without an excessive burden

proportionate
disproportionate

A

 PROPORTIONATE

102
Q

o means don’t offer a reasonable hope of benefit or that create an excessive burden
o hindi magbebenefit sa patient
o taking survey or study

proportionate
disproportionate

A

 DISPROPORTIONATE

103
Q

Principle based on an understanding of sexuality as one of the basic traits of a person and must be developed in ways consistent with enhancing human dignity.

A

Principle of Personalized Sexuality

BIOETHICS (2 decks)

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