Midterms Flashcards
Nursing Theories
- organized bodies of knowledge
- define nursing as a unique discipline
- framework of concepts and purposes
Philosophy
beliefs and values that define a way of thinking
Theory
a belief, policy, or procedure proposed
- logical group of general proposition
- describe, predict, or control phenomena
Concept
building blocks of theories
Models
representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns
When did the first nursing theories appeared?
late 1800s
Florence Nightingale
- 1860
- Environmental Theory
- the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery
What happened in the 1950s?
there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself
Hildegard Peplau
- 1952
- Theory of Interpersonal Relations
- puts emphasis on the nurse-client relationship
Virginia Henderson
- 1955
- conceptualize the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain indolence in meeting 14 fundamental needs
Faye Abdellah
- 1960
- Typology of 21 Nursing Problems
- shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered to a patient-centered approach
Ida Jean Orlando
- 1962
- emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse
Dorothy Johnson
- 1968
- Behavioral System Model
- upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient
Martha Rogers
- 1970
- viewed nursing as both a science and art
Dorothea Oremstates
- 1971
- nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, and social needs
Imogene King
- 1971
- Theory of Goal Attainment
- nurse is considered a part of the patient’s environment
Betty Newman
- 1972
- many needs exist, each may disrupt client balance or stability
- stress reduction is the goal
Sr. Callista Roy
- 1979
- viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems
Jean Watson
- 1979
- Philosophy of Caring
- humanistic aspects of nursing
Academic Discipline
explain the fundamental implications of the profession and to enhance the status of the profession
In Research
- development of theory is fundamental
- improve the nursing profession’s ability to meet the social duties and responsibilities
- help connect the perceived “gap” between theory
In Profession
facilitate of reflecting, questioning, and thinking about what nurses do
Purposes of Nursing Theories
- Academic Discipline
- In Research
- In Profession
Classification of Nursing Theories
- Grand Nursing Theories
- Middle-Range Nursing Theories
- Practice-Level Nursing Theories
Abstraction
classifies nursing theories by level
Grand Nursing Theories
- abstract, broad in scope, and complex
- provide a general framework and ideas
- based on their own experiences and the time they were living
Middle-Range Nursing Theories
- more limited in scope and present concepts and propositions at a lower level
- nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory
Practice-Level Nursing Theories
- narrow in scope, focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time
- interrelated with concepts from middle-range theories and grand theories
Structure of Nursing Knowledge
- Person
- Environment
- Health
- Nursing
Person
- client or human beings
- recipient of nursing care
Environment
internal and external surrounds that affect the client
Health
degree of wellness or well-being
Nursing
attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care
Components of Nursing Theories
- Phenomenon
- Concepts
- Definitions
- Relational Statements
- Assumptions
Phenomenon
describe an idea or response about an event
Concepts
help describe or label a phenomenon
Two types of Concepts
- Abstract Concepts
- Concrete Concepts
Abstract Concepts
mentally constructed
Concrete Concepts
directly experienced and related to a particular time or place
Definitions
convey the general meaning of the concepts
Two types of Definitions
- Theoretical Definitions
- Operational Definitions
Theoretical Definitions
based on the theorist’s perspective
Operational Definitions
how concepts are measured
Relational Statements
define the relationships between two or more concepts
Assumptions
accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs
Descriptive Theories
- first level of theory development
- describe the phenomenon and identify its properties
Two Types of Descriptive Theories
- Factor-Isolating Theory
- Explanatory Theory
Factory-Isolating Theory
category-formulating or labeling theory
Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale
Stated that nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and
the proper selectiozn and administration of diet – all at the least expense of vital power to the
patient.”
Florence Nightingale
She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Jean Watson
The central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical cure
Caring