Midterm Vocabulary Flashcards
Solution—buffer water—with which the sample is diluted
Diluent
Sub amount of the total
Aliquot
How diluted a solution is compared with the starting solution of the same composition
DF = final volume/aliquot volume used
Dilution factor
Solution is kept at high concentration and made in large quantities, ready to be used for multiple protocols after correct dilution
Stock solution
Solution that is at the concentration needed for the experiment
Working solution
Starting from a stock solution, making a series of dilution using aliquots from each new dilution to make the next dilution
Serial dilution
Total volume of the solution
FV = aliquot + diluent
Final volume
Common buffer for storing DNA; Tris-EDTA
TE
About 22°C
Room temperature
Common base used to raise pH; sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Ethanol
EtOH
Nuclease that will break phosphodiester bonds between RNA nucleotides
RNase
Nuclease specific for DNA
DNAase
Series of specifically sized linear DNA used as reference markers when running a DNA gel
Ladder
Chelating agent, can sequester positive ions preventing them from acting as cofactors for enzymes; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EDTA
Combination of DNA from two different sources; usually refers to a plasmid carrying a DNA sequence from another animal; basis for genetic engineering
Recombinant
Small circular piece of DNA that exists and replicates independently of the genomic DNA and bacterial cell cycle
Plasmid DNA
To remove by washing a solute from a stationary phase by dissolving into a solvent
Elute
Using a small molecule to bind proteins and structure together thereby holding the cell or tissue in a stable state
Cross-link
To make holes in structure; in molecular biology, usually refers to making holes in plasma membrane
Permeabilize
Visualizing cell structures or proteins using an antibody that has been conjugated to a fluorescent molecule
Immunofluorescence
An oligonucleotide conjugated to an enzyme or fluorescent molecule used to detect nucleic acids with complementary sequence
DNA Probe
Molecule with high hydrophobicity that is able to integrate and dissociate cellular membranes thus creating holes
Detergent
Molecule with excitable electrons such that with appropriate wavelength and filters where the energy emitted when the electron returns to ground state can be seen
Fluorophore
Family of proteins that are upregulated when a cell is stress
Heat shock proteins
Model system used to study DNA replication, transcription, protein expression, stress response and used as a tool in biotechnology to amplify DNA, clone, and experts exogenous protein; a prokaryote
E. coli
Increase in gene expression
Induction
Decrease in gene expression
Repression
Experiment in which the data is collected at successive time periods
Time course
Eukaryotic cell often used for research on cell cycle, cell signaling, response to growth factors and chemical inhibitors or signaling and growth; a human cell
HeLa cells
Weight of one of hydrogen atom or 1/12 of a carbon atom
Dalton
To unfold in protein chemistry, losing 2° and 3° structure
Denature
Eukaryotic cell that is part of the connective tissue cell family; due to being highly responsive to varied extracellular signals able to grow and thrive individually, able to tolerate injury, it is a common choice for in vitro work; mouse, rat, human are most common
Fibroblast cells
Membrane labeled with an antibody against a specific protein
Western blot
Enzyme often used in combination with NBT/BCIP to produce a precipitate visible with white light; works best at a pH > 8.0; alkaline phosphatase
AP
Antibody that binds to constant regions of other antibodies often including method of visualization such as enzyme or fluorescent molecules
2° antibody
Antibody that binds to the specific protein of interest
1° antibody
Attached with a covalent bond
Conjugation
Temperature of a household freezer
-20°C
Temperature of a household refrigerator
4°C
Common incubation temperature for enzymes; body temperature
37°C
Considered to be room temperature
22°C
Use for storage of cells, RNA, plasmid stocks, and long-term storage of most other molecular reagents, cells, and tissues; deep freeze
-80°C
