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5th Period, Physical Sciences Honors > Midterm Vocab Review > Flashcards

Midterm Vocab Review Flashcards

1
Q

Define kinetic energy.

A

The energy that an object possesses due to its motion.”

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2
Q

Explain Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

An object in motion stays in motion, and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force.

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3
Q

What is the difference between weight and mass?

A

Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object, while mass is the amount of matter in an object.

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4
Q

Describe the Law of Conservation of Mass.

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system; it can only change forms.

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5
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

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6
Q

Define acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity of an object. Increase, decrease, or change in direction

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7
Q

Explain the concept of density

A

The amount of mass per unit of volume; compactness

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8
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout.

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9
Q

Define sublimation

A

The phase change where a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

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10
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element

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11
Q

Describe a chemical change.

A

A change that results in the formation of new chemical substances. Can be noticed by changes in color, odor, new substances/vapors made, or energy change/flame

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12
Q

Explain potential energy.

A

The energy stored in an object due to its position or arrangement. Increases with increasing distance.

Think of elastic vs. gravitational vs. chemical potential energy

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13
Q

Define a physical change.

A

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. Change in shape, size, or state of matter.

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14
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture where the components are not uniformly distributed and can be easily distinguished.

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15
Q

How to solve for neutrons in an atom?

A

Mass number - atomic number = Neutrons

Subtract #protons

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16
Q

How to solve for electrons in a neutral atom?

A

Equal to number of protons (atomic number)

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17
Q

What is the mneumonic for metric unit prefix conversions?

A

King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk (Kilo, …, …., Unit, …, Centi, Milli)

KHDUDCM

Draw it out and count spaces from letter to letter for how much to move decimal and in which direction

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18
Q

What is LARS?

A

Moving decimal to the Left? Add factors of ten.
Moving decimal to the right? Subtract factors of ten

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19
Q

What questions can science not answer?

A

Subjective questions about morality, meaning in life, etc.

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20
Q

What is archimedes prinicple?

A

The volume of fluid displaced by an object is equal to the volume of that object

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21
Q

What is a quantitative vs. qualitiative observation/data?

A

Quantitative = numbers (50 kg, 20 N, 75 m/s)
Qualititative = Descriptive (red, explosive, acidic, viscous)

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22
Q

Define independent vs. dependent variables

A

independent = Cause
dependent = effect

Independent variable CAUSES an EFFECT in the dependent variable

The dependent variable DEPENDS upon the independent variable to change.

23
Q

Scientific law vs. theory

A

scientific theory = explanation of why natural phenomena occur backed by evidence and experimentation
scientific law = statement that consistently and universally predicts what will happen within natural phenomena

Law = WHAT will happen everytime, Theory = WHY something happens

24
Q

Define displacement

A

distance between final and intital points of any journey

running around a 400m track twice is a dispalcement of 0 but a distance of 800m

25
Q

When looking at a distance vs. time graph, how do you know which lines represent a faster speed?

A

The steeper the line, the faster the motion

Distance/Time = Speed, therefore, slope of distance vs. time graph is speed! Greater slope = greater speed

26
Q

What is the most common unit for acceleration?

A

m/s^2

Always a distance divided by a time, squared (km/h^2, mi/h^2, etc)

27
Q

What would a horizontal line on a speed vs time graph mean?

A

Constant speed; slope = 0; acceleration = 0

28
Q

What would a horizontal line on a distance vs time graph mean?

A

No motion; slope = 0; speed = 0

29
Q

What are examples of non-contact vs contact forces

A

Noncontact: electromagnetic forces, gravitational force, etc.
Contact: applied force, friction, tension, etc.

30
Q

What is Netwon’s 3rd Law?

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Think of normal force, lauchning rockes, gun recoil, etc.

31
Q

How does the force of gravity on an object change with changing distance

A

Gravity decreases with increasing distance, and increases with decreasing distance

32
Q

If you went to a planet that had a “g” less than earth, how would this affect the gravitational force you would feel? (earth g = 9.8 m/s2)

A

You would feel lighter because of the equation F = mg. Your weight would decrease if g was smaller than on earth, and increase if g was bigger than on earth

33
Q

How do mass vs. weight compare on different planets?

A

Your weight would change because F = mg, but mass stays constant.

34
Q

If looking at a column of multiple fluids of different densities, how do you know which one is most dense?

A

The fluid layer at the very bottom is most dense, the layer at the very top is least dense

35
Q

What unit is used for weight

A

Netwons (N) because it is the force of gravity on an object. Mass is kg, lbs, grams, etc.

36
Q

What would a force diagram look like for a sinking vs. floating object

A

Sinking: weight force vector larger (pointing down) than buoyant force (pointing up)
Floating: weight and buoyant force equal

37
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Prinicple?

A

As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases

38
Q

As water increases in velocity (like at the constriction/narrowest point of river or pipe) how does the pressure change?

A

As fluid velocity increases, fluid pressure decreases

39
Q

If a hot fluid cools down, how do the particles change?

A

They slow down and have less kinetic energy

40
Q

Describe the kinetic energy vs. gravitational potential energy highest/lowest points for a swing or pendulum

A

Kinetic: Highest at lowest point (fastest), lowest at highest point (speed = 0)
Potential: Highest at tallest point, lowest and lowest point

41
Q

Which subatomic particle is found outside of the nucleus of an atom?

A

Electrons

42
Q

If thermal energy is added to gas particles, what happens?

A

Their kinetic energy increases because their velocity/speed increases

43
Q

What are the reactants and products for the equation:
CH4 + O2 → H2O + CO2

A

Reactants (What reacts together; ingredients): CH4 + O2
Products (What is produced): H2O + CO2

44
Q

Which law/principle tells us why we must balance chemical equations?

A

Law of conservation of mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

45
Q

If decrese the volume of a gas, what happens to its pressure?

A

It will increase

46
Q

If you decrease the temperature of a gas, what will happen to its volume?

A

It will decrease

47
Q

What is viscocity?

A

A liquid’s resistance to flow

Honey is more viscous than water

48
Q

What is the definition of temperature?

A

Average kinetic energy of the particles

49
Q

Name some vectors vs. scalar quantities

A

Vectors: has a magnitidue (amount) and direction = velocity, acceleration, weight, Force, etc.
Scalars: speed, mass, distance, etc.

50
Q

Describe if volume and shape can change for solid, liquids, gases

A

Solid: constant shape and volume
Liquid: can change shape but not volume
Gases: can change either shape or volume

51
Q

What is the electrical charge of a proton, neutron, and electron?

A

Proton: +1
Electron: -1
Neurton: 0 (Neutral)

52
Q

Describe the protons and electrons of an electrically neutral atom

A

Number of protons = numbers of electrons so that charges cancel eachother out.

8 protons and 8 electrons = (+)8 + (-)8 = 0

53
Q

Condensation is

A

Gas –> Liquid

54
Q

Explain Kinetic vs. Static Frtiction

A

Static: Friction felt when an object is stationary/not moving on a surface (think of a book staying on an inclined plane although gravity is pullig it down; or something not sliding on a able though we apply a force to it)
Kinetic: friction felt when an object is moving over a surface

5th Period, Physical Sciences Honors (5 decks)

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