MIDTERM | Transcription, Translation, And Mutation

Question 1

the process of synthesizing mRNA from genomic DNA

Answer 1

Transcription

Question 2

the process in which information encoded in the DNA molecule is copied into an mRNA molecule

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Answer 3

Enzyme

Question 4

is the basic unit of heredity. It is a part of the DNA that is involved in the synthesis of proteins including its regulation.

Answer 4

Gene

Question 5

the portion of the DNA which controls gene expression

Answer 5

Regulatory Gene

Question 6

the portion of the DNA which is transcribes into mRNA

Answer 6

Structural Gene

Question 7

RNA is initially synthesized using a DNA template in the process called ____

Answer 7

Transcription

Question 8

____ is initially synthesized using a DNA template in the process called transcription

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

All four ribonucleoside triphosphates

Answer 9

ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP

Question 10

True or False?

A primer is not needed in RNA synthesis, but a DNA template is required.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Parts of Transcription

Answer 11

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Question 12

scans the DNA molecule and binds at the promoter region

Answer 12

TATA binding proteins

Question 13

binds to the promoter region and other Transcription Factors are recruited

Answer 13

RNA polymerase

Question 14

Transcription will start upon clearance by

Answer 14

transcription factors and enhancer molecules

Question 15

binds to promoter region recruiting the
RNA polymerase in the close promoter complex.

Answer 15

Sigma factor

Question 16

In RNA Splicing, expressed DNA sequences are called

Answer 16

exons

Question 17

In RNA Splicing, intervening DNA sequences that are not expressed are called

Answer 17

introns

Question 18

The synthesis of polypeptides using the mRNA transcript as the template.

Answer 18

Translation

Question 19

is composed of 3 bases in the mRNA which encode an amino acid

Answer 19

Codon

Question 20

is composed of 3 bases in the tRNA which is complementary to the codon

Answer 20

Anti-Codon

Question 21

A codon relates the genetic information to an amino which can be deciphered using the ________

Answer 21

Genetic Code

Question 22

KEY FEATURES OF THE GENETIC CODE

Answer 22

1. Triplet
2. Nonoverlapping
3. Commaless
4. Degenerate
5. Universal

Question 23

Parts of Elongation

Answer 23

1. aa-tRNA binding
2. Peptide bond formation
3. Translocation

Question 24

Initiated by termination sequences __________

Answer 24

UAG, UGA, UAA

Question 25

Release factors binds to the A site initiating the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide and disassembly of the ribosome complex

Answer 25

Termination

Question 26

Covalent modifications or introduction of organic moieties to the polypeptide

Answer 26

POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION

Question 27

In ______ , initiation factors, ribosomes (30S and 50S) and f-met tRNA bind to the mRNA.

Answer 27

chain initiation

Question 28

Steps in Translation

Answer 28

Amino acid activation => Chain initiation => Chain elongation (repeated many times) => Chain termination

Question 29

tRNA is charged with the amino acid at the 3’ end

Answer 29

Amino acid activation

Question 30

This tail protects the mRNA from nucleases and phosphatases

Answer 30

A polyadenylate “tail”

Question 31

A polyadenylate “tail” that is usually ______ nucleotides long, is added to the 3’ end before the mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Answer 31

100-200

Question 32

is made up of snRNAs

Answer 32

Spliceosome

Question 33

are separated by intervening intron

Answer 33

Exons

Question 34

True or False? Eukaryote genes frequently contain intervening base sequences that appear in the final mRNA of that gene product.

Answer 34

False. " do not appear in the final..."

Question 35

Function of 5’cap:

Answer 35

• Prevents 5’ end from being digested • Aids in the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus • Plays a role in the initiation of mRNA translation

Question 36

is any event where there is a change in the sequence of the bases of the DNA molecule

Answer 36

Mutation

Question 37

Usually a heritable phenomenon which happen during DNA replication

Answer 37

Mutation

Question 38

single nucleotide changes

Answer 38

Point mutation

Question 39

Types of Mutation

Answer 39

1) Point Mutation 2) Frameshift Mutation

Question 40

addition or removal of two or more bases in the DNA.

Answer 40

Frameshift Mutation

Question 41

Two types of point mutation

Answer 41

Transition and Transversion

Question 42

Two types of Frameshift mutation

Answer 42

Insertion and Deletion

Question 43

purine to purine substitution/ pyrimidine to pyrimidine

Answer 43

Transition

Question 44

purine to pyrimidine/ pyrimidine to purine

Answer 44

Transversion

Question 45

addition of bases in the DNA causing a shift in the reading frame

Answer 45

Insertion

Question 46

removal of bases in the DNA causing a shift in the reading frame

Answer 46

Deletion

Question 47

Types of Mutagens

Answer 47

1) Physical mutagens 2) Chemical agents

Question 48

Types of Mutations (At the DNA Level)

Answer 48

1) Substitution 2) Deletions 3) Insertion 4) Inversions

Question 49

"ionizing radiation" what types of mutagens?

Answer 49

Physical Mutagen

Question 50

"UV light" What type of mutagens?

Answer 50

Physical mutagens