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AREC 660 > Midterm to Final > Flashcards

Midterm to Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three forms of empirical analysis of land use patterns?

A

Modelling
Regression
Visual

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of visual analysis?

A

Histograms
Maps
Scatterplots

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of regression analysis?

A

Causal inference
Multivariate regression
Spatial econometrics

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4
Q

What is the main type of model-based analysis?

A

Quantitative spatial analysis

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5
Q

What are the 3 main challenges with all 3 forms of land use analysis?

A

Collecting spatial data
Mapping
Relative location calculations

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6
Q

What kind of data does most empirical land use research work with?

A

Spatial data

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7
Q

What are two examples of spatial data?

A

Area
Location

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8
Q

What are the two types of spatial data files?

A

Raster
Vector

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9
Q

What 3 forms do we see with vector data?

A

Points
Polygons
Lines

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10
Q

What are points in vector data?

A

Buildings
Cities
Trees

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11
Q

What is represented by lines in vector data?

A

Rivers
Roads

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12
Q

What is represented by polygons in vector data?

A

Boundaries
Lakes
Parcels

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13
Q

What two things is vector data good for displaying?

A

Precise coordinates
Boundaries

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14
Q

What type of information does vector data often include?

A

Attribute info (characteristics)

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15
Q

What main and sub-type of data is this?

A

Vector data, points

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16
Q

What main and sub-type of data is this?

A

Vector data, polygons, census subdivisions

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17
Q

Does vector data usually come in a group with other files or just by itself? Is that neccessary?

A

It comes with several other files with the same prefix, and they all need to be kept together.

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18
Q

What does raster data look like?

A

Grid cells or pixels representing a fixed area.

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19
Q

What is resolution?

A

The area represented by a single pixel.

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20
Q

What kind of data is best represented in the raster format?

A

Continuous data

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21
Q

What are examples of continuous data?

A

Elevation
Rainfall
Temperature

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22
Q

What kind of data is this?

A

Raster

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23
Q

What kind of data is this?

A

Raster

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24
Q

Where does the information for raster data come from?

A

Aircraft
Digital pictures
Drones
Satellites
Scanned maps
Sensors

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25
Q

What is the suffix for raster data?

A

.tif

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26
Q

What is scale?

A

The relationship between distance on the map and distance on the ground.

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27
Q

What is the 1 advantage of higher resolution rasters (smaller cell size)?

A

Accuracy

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28
Q

What are the 2 advantages of lower resolution (larger cell size)?

A

Faster
Smaller files

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29
Q

Can we convert between vector and raster?

A

YES!

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30
Q

What are the strengths of using vector data?

A

Attributes
Elegant
Precise
Small files

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31
Q

What are the 2 strengths of raster data?

A

Computation speed
Continuous data

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32
Q

What types of tabular data can be translated into spatial data?

A

Addresses
Census tracks
Geographic coordinates
Postal codes

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33
Q

What are the 2 ways we convert tabular data to vector data?

A

Geocoding
Spatial joins

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34
Q

What does geocoding do?

A

Transforms textual descriptions of locations (like addresses or place names) into geographic coordinates.

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35
Q

What does a spatial join do?

A

Combines data from two or more layers (e.g., point data and polygon data) based on their spatial relationships.

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36
Q

What do we need in order to work with spatial data?

A

A Geographic Information System

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37
Q

What are some examples of when to use GIS?

A

Maping & visualizing
Polygon contents/ point cluster
Relative location calculations
Spatial data

38
Q

What are the two coordinate systems?

A

Geographic Coordinate Systems (GCS)
Projection Coordinate Systems (PCS)

39
Q

What is a Geographic Coordinate System?

A

The location on a sphere in angular units (degrees).

40
Q

What are longitude and latitude examples of?

A

Geographic Coordinate System

41
Q

What are the two main Geographic Coordinate Systems?

A

NAD83
WGS84

42
Q

What is WGS84 best for?

A

Global maps

43
Q

What is NAD83 best for?

A

North American maps

44
Q

Why are there different types of GCS?

A

The earth isn’t a perfect sphere
Different ones work better in different locations

45
Q

What is a projection?

A

Representing 3D on 2D

46
Q

What are projections essentially?

A

Mathematical functions that take coordinates on a globe and convert them into coordinates on a plane.

47
Q

What kind of projection is this?

48
Q

What kind of projection is this?

A

Gall-Peters

49
Q

What kind of projection is this?

A

Goode-Homolosine

50
Q

What kind of projection is this?

51
Q

What kind of projection is this?

52
Q

What kind of projection is this?

A

Waterman Butterfly

53
Q

What is a projection coordinate system?

A

The location in linear units (usually meters)

54
Q

Spatial data will have a ___(GCS/PCS____ but you can choose the ___(GCS/PCS).

A

Spatial data will have a GCS, but you can choose the PCS.

55
Q

What is the most common PCS for Alberta?

A

NAD_1983_10TM_AEP_forest (EPSG3400)

56
Q

Which PCS is this?

A

NAD_1983_10TM_AEP_forest

57
Q

Which PCS is this?

A

GCS_North_American_1983

58
Q

Where can we find spatial data?

A

Governments
Municipal Data Repositories
Private Data Providers
University websites

59
Q

What is an example of a municipal data repository?

A

City of Edmonton - Open Data

60
Q

What is an example of a private data provider?

61
Q

What is an example of government geospatial data?

A

Canada Census Boundary Files (Census Mapper)

62
Q

What are the 5 levels of census geography?

A

Province
Census Metropolitan Area
Census Subdivision
Census Tract
Dissemination Area

63
Q

What does the term Census Subdivision mean?

A

General term for municipalities.

64
Q

What census geography is within a Dissemination Area and how many people does a DA contain?

A

1+ dissemination blocks
400-700 people

65
Q

What is a census metropolitan area, and how many people are in it?

A

1+ adjacent municipalities
>100,000 ppl

66
Q

How many people in a census tract?

A

2,500 - 7,000 ppl
preferred: 5,000 ppl

67
Q

Do census divisions and subdivisions cover the whole country?

68
Q

Do census metropolitan areas cover the whole country?

69
Q

What is the province code for Alberta?

70
Q

What is the CMA code for Edmonton?

71
Q

What is the smallest census geography unit we can guarantee data will be publicly available for? Why?

A

Census tracts; Dissemination Areas are too granular to grant privacy.

72
Q

What are three census mapping tools?

A

Geosuite
Census Mapper
CHASS

73
Q

Don’t forget to add the rest of the cards

74
Q

Do Ag subsidies help contain urban sprawl?

75
Q

Which is small scale: 1:10,000 or 1:1,000,000?

A

1:1,000,000
It’s essentially a fraction

76
Q

What is a consolidated census division?

A

Its essentially a smaller census division.

77
Q

What does a raster calculator let you do?

A

Calculations on the raster cells.

78
Q

How do we clip a raster layer?

A

Raster»extraction»clip raster by mask layer.

79
Q

Why does Alberta only redistribute education funds equally, not all public good funds?

A

Because it’s not fair to the wealthy.

80
Q

Is fiscal sorting the only reason why neighbourhood sorting occurs?

A

NO! Also:
Lifestyle preferences
Racial/Cultural

80
Q

What are the common vector file suffixes?

A

Shapefile: .shp
CSV: .csv
GeoPackage: .gpkg

81
Q

Is longitude north/south or east/west?

82
Q

Is latitude north/south or east/west?

A

north/south

83
Q

What is datum?

A

GCS part that determines which model (spheroid), and it’s positioning.

84
Q

What are examples of datums?

A

NAD83 & WGS84

85
Q

What is WKT?

A

Well-known text
CRS information

86
Q

What is WKID?

A

Well-known ID
= CRS ID
(properties»source)

87
Q

What does CRS stand for

A

Coordinate Reference System

88
Q

What is the benefit of using a GeoPackage (.gpkg) file?

A

Store all GIS data in a single file:
- vectors
- rasters
- tables

89
Q

Why do CRS need to match?

A

Because otherwise it messes up math/analysis.

90
Q

Which projection is better for Canada-wide data; EPSG3400 or EPSG3978?

AREC 660 (4 decks)

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