Midterm Test Flashcards
1
Q
What is Victimology?
A
The study of the causes and consequences of victimization, how the CT system accommodates and assists victims, and how society deals with the occurrence of victimization.
2
Q
What is victim precipitation?
Give an example.
A
The extent to which the victim is responsible for their own victimization.
The victim precipitates in their own victimization through the relationship between the victim and the offender.
3
Q
What is victim facilitation?
Give an example.
A
When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime against them.
4
Q
What is victim provocation?
Give an example.
A
When someone does something that incites another person to commit a crime against them.
5
Q
What was the CJ system like prior to the Victims’ Rights Movement?
A
Prior to the VRM, the burden of justice was on the victim, thought retaliation. There was no formal system to provide retribution or restitution.
6
Q
What was the CJ system like in regard to victims during the Industrial Revolution?
A
Crimes were considered to be against the state. The victim played no role in justice.
7
Q
Who is Hans von Hentig?
A
An early Victimology scholar interested in why certain people were more likely to be victimized.
8
Q
Who is considered to be the “father of victimology”?
A
Benjamin Mendelsohn
9
Q
Who was Benjamin Mendelsohn?
A
The “father of victimology.” Studied the relationship between victims and their offenders and discovered that most of the time, victims knew their offender.
10
Q
Who was Stephen Schafer?
A
An early victimologist, he classified victims into categories based on how responsible they were for their victimization.
11
Q
What was Marvin Wolfgang?
A
The first victimologist to empirically study victim precipitation. Studied homicides in Philadelphia, and discovered that 1/4 of victims precipitated in their own murder.
12
Q
What was Menachen Amir?
A
An early victimologist that studied rape. In a controversial study, he published that 1 in 5 rape victims played a role in their own victimization.
13
Q
What role did the Civil Rights Movement have on the Victim Rights’ Movement?
A
This movement was focused on racism and discrimination and helped identify how minorities were mistreated in the CJ system.
14
Q
What role did the Women’s Rights Movement have on the VRM?
A
The WRM shed a light on crimes against women, and identified how most crimes against women were a byproduct of sexism and traditional gender roles.
This movement also established that children could be victims of crimes just like anyone else, and also were in need of services.
15
Q
What is the most common violent crime?
A
Simple Assault
16
Q
What is the most common property crime?
A
Theft
17
Q
Property crime rates are higher than violent crime rates.
A
Yes.
18
Q
What are the disadvantages of the NCVS?
A
It only surveys 43,000 households.
Only those 12 and older are allowed to participate.
Landlines are phasing out.
It cannot include homicide.
19
Q
What is the typical victim?
A
Black males, under 24, living in urban areas.
20
Q
What is the victim/offender overlap?
A
The fact that the typical victim and the typical offender are demographically the same.
21
Q
Statistically, 2/3’s of victims know their perpetrator in some way.
A
Yes.
22
Q
Statistically, 1 in 5 violent crimes involve a weapon.
A
Si.
23
Q
What are the most common weapons used in murders?
A
Firearms.
24
Q
What crime survey is set up in the same way as the NCVS and is often used in order to compare data?
A
The British Crime Survey, which covers England and Wales.
25
Victims and offenders aren't usually the same people.
No.
26
What does the Subculture of Violence Theory suggest?
| What is the popular theory that is associated with it?
There are subgroups in society that use violence as part of their value system.
Code of the streets, which suggests that crime is used in order to gain respect and street credit.
27
What does Homogamy from Life Style theory suggest?
The more frequently someone comes in contact with people who have characteristics of offenders, the more likely they will be victimized.
28
What is Neighborhood Context?
An explanation that suggests that victims are most likely to live or work near crime hotspots.
29
How does family structure suggest about victimization?
Single parent, especially female headed households, are more likely to be victimized.
It also suggests that low family bonds increase victimization or delinquency.
30
What does building structure density suggest about victimization?
Five or more units within a single building increase likelihood of individuals come in contact with an offender.
31
How does Expose to Delinquent Peers affect victimization?
Suggests that kids who hang out delinquent peers will be more likely to be delinquent themselves or become victims.
32
What theory has a relationship with Intimate Partner Violence, and what does it suggest?
Social Learning Theory suggests that children that grow up in a household with IPV will be more likely to be a victim or offender of IPV, as they view it as a normal part of relationships.
33
What does Control Balance Theory suggest in relation to victimization?
Suggests that a person will be more likely to be an offender or a victim based on how much control the perceive to have.
A person will a control surplus will be more likely to be an offender, while a person with a control deficit will be more likely to be a victim.
34
What is the Social Interactionst Perspective and what does it suggest about victimization?
Suggests that people tend to take stress out on other individuals. Offenders lash out due to anger and react with aggression.
35
What is the Life-Course Perspective of victimology?
Also called the General Theory of crime. Suggests that self-control is established by age 8 and is consistent for the rest of life.
36
What are the 6 victim/offender characteristics that Life-Course Perspective identifies?
```
Inability to delay gratification
Adrenaline seeking
Shortsightedness
High physical activity
Quick temper
Self centered
```
37
According to Adult Social Bond theory, why do people desist from committing crimes or being the victim of crimes?
They form social bonds that change their lifestyle. Marriage is the most impactful event that causes offenders to desist, and acts as a protective factor for victims.
38
What is the Gene x environmental interaction of crime?
An explanation of crime that suggests that excess dopamine is responsible for aggression and violence.
39
What is Alcohol's Role?
Alcohol use is the strongest indication for victimization. It lowers inhibition, and affects how victims responds to incidents.
40
How many victimizations include a Physical Injury?
Over 1.5 million incidents per year come with a physical injury. Most severe injury is death ; there are 15,000 murders per year.
41
What are Mental Health Injury consequences of victimization?
Depression and Anxiety, lowered self esteem, PTSD.
42
What percentage of victims experience PTSD?
25%
43
What are the economic costs associated with victimizations?
Property loss, Medical costs, Mental health care, and Pain and Suffering
44
What are the two most costly property crimes for victims?
Burglary and Arson, averaging $15,000 loss per incident
45
What percentage of mental health care costs are related to crime?
10-20%, not including lost wages
46
What percentage of victims are not able to attend work due to their victimization?
7%
47
How much does it cost annually to have the CJ system in place?
$214 billion
48
How much does insurance pay annually for incidents related to crime?
$45 billion
49
How much does it cost annually to have support programs in place?
$8 billion
50
Who pays for victim's bills if they are unable to pay?
Americans via taxes
51
What are Vicarious victims?
Individuals that are close to the victim of a crime that are also effected by the crime.
52
How are the experiences of Vicarious victims similar to those of direct victims?
Many vicarious victims experience the same kinds of trauma or costs as actual victims. This is best exemplified in the family members of a murder victim.
53
Who don't victims report crimes to the police?
Victims may sometimes see themselves as responsible for their own victimization, so they do not report. They can also view the crime as being a private family matter, or too small to be worth the police's time.
54
What are factors that increase fear of crime?
Physical or social incivility, social or neighborhood disorder, such as litter and trash, and high rates of crime.
55
How can fear of crime be positive?
Fear of crime can cause avoidance behavior and defensive mechanisms that reduce the likelihood of victimization.
56
What type of individuals are more likely to feat crime and why?
Women and the elderly, because they perceive themselves to be more vulnerable.
57
How can fear of crime be negative?
Fear can be so crippling that it is dysfunctional in daily life.
58
What is Recurring Victimization?
When a person or place is victimized more than once by any type of victimization.
59
What is Repeat Victimization?
When a person or place is victimized more than once by the same type of victimization.
60
What is Revictimization?
When a person is victimized more than once, by any type of victimization, but there is a significant amount of time between the two events.
61
What is Poly-Victimization?
When a child experiences recurring victimization; a child experiences multiple forms of victimizations that may occur at the same time.
62
What is a Near-Repeat victimization?
When a place is victimized that is close in proximity to a place that was previously victimized.
63
What did the National Youth Survey suggest about recurring victimizations?
60% of youth experience more than 1 assault after the first, this statistic is true for robbery as well.
64
What does the BCS suggest about burglary?
That 14-16% of burglary victims experience more than 1 incident per year.
65
What 4 types of crime are most likely to be recurring?
IPV, Rape, Assault, Property Victimization
66
What does recurring victimization show us about the disproportion of events?
The fact that 7% of women experience 75% of all sexual assaults, averaging at 2.9 rapes per year per victim.
67
What does Time Course show us about recurring victimizations?
Risk for a 2nd victimization is highest until 1 month after first victimization and steadily decreases as time goes on.
68
What does Crime-Switch/Proneness show us about recurring victimizations?
That if a 2nd victimization occurs to the same person or place, it is most likely the same type of crime as the first.
69
What are individual demographic risk factors for recurring victimization?
Males are more likely at risk, with the exception of sexual victimization, youth, white, single (separated or divorced), low SES, with the exception of property victimization
70
What are the individual lifestyle risk factors for recurring victimization?
Unemployment, frequency of being out at night, public transportation, alcohol consumption, and association with delinquent peers
71
What are neighborhood risk factors for recurring victimization?
Number of single parent households, urban areas, increased levels of disorder.
72
What are household risk factors for recurring victimization?
Household income, higher = greater risk for crimes against property, lower = great risk for crimes against persons, greater number of children increase risk, length of time in house, shorter time increases risk, longer time decreases risk
73
What does Risk Heterogeneity suggest regarding recurring victimization?
Elements or "flags" that put someone at risk initially, if unchanged, keep that person at risk for a second victimization.
74
What does State/Event Dependence suggest regarding recurring victimization?
The occurrence of the first victimization automatically increases risk for 2nd event. The characteristics that occur around first incident, before, during, and after, determines risk for another event.
75
What are "boosts"?
A factor that raises risk of being targeted for a 2nd victimization, according to State Dependence.
76
What are "flags"?
Risk factors that increase chances of being victimized initially, according to Risk Heterogeneity.
77
How are the consequences of recurring victimization similar to initial victimization?
They are the same, however, recurring victimization consequences are more severe.
78
How do poly-victimized boys deal with strain differently than girls?
Boys externalize strain, they lash out and target others, and are more likely to become offenders themselves.
Girls internalize strain, engage in self-destructive behavior, runaway, and are more likely to become recurring victims later in life.
79
What three types of crimes have been the subject of recurring victimization prevention programs?
Repeat Burglary, Sexual Recurring Victimization, and IPV.
80
How do Repeat Burglary crime prevention programs help prevent repeat incidents?
Through target hardening, essentially making a home harder to break in to. This simply causes target displacement, and likely causes a home nearby to be broken into instead.
81
How do Sexual Recurring Victimization prevention programs help prevent repeat incidents?
By focusing on college students, increasing education on how to stay safe. These programs are generally ineffective.
82
How do IPV prevention programs help prevent repeat incidents?
There is one program that targeted offenders in an attempt to reduce them. Police were required to arrest the offender when called to an IPV scene. Proved to be ineffective.
The other program is for victims; a victims advocate returns to IPV scene the next day and offers services.
Also proved to be ineffective.
83
Why is it important to target recurring victimizations for prevention?
Because most of the incidents happen to the same victims over and over again. If you target the recurring victimizations, you drastically reduce that crime.
84
What was the goal of the victims' rights movement?
To enhance victim privacy, protection, and participation in the CJ system.
85
What was the first state to include victims' rights in legislation?
Wisconson, in 1979
86
What are victims' rights commonly given by state legislation?
Right of notification, participation and consultation, speedy trial, protection, restitution, and compensation.
87
In order for a victim to benefit from state legislated victims' rights, what must first happen?
The crime must be reported.
88
What are the benefits of victims' rights?
In an offender based system, the victim is given a role and a voice within the CJ system, and are given access to programs that provide services to help them.
89
What are some issues of victims' rights legislation?
Within the CJ system, the offender still has more rights than the victim, as crimes are against state, not the person.
90
What happens when victims' rights are violated?
Absolutely nothing, there are no consequences in violating victims' rights.
91
What are the ways victims' can be financially remedied?
Victims' Compensation: applies to only violent victimizations and alleviates direct financial costs.
Restitution: a payment court ordered directly from offender to victim. Most never see this money.
State Mandated Compensation Coverage: Each state has legislated amounts that can be given to victims in order to cover lost wages, crime scene cleanup, medical costs, and funeral costs. Only 5% of victims utilize this aid as it is a very tedious process.
92
What must a victim do in order to apply for Victims' Compensation?
Report the crime with 72 hours, cooperate fully with law enforcement, must exhaust all other financial resources, must not be on probation or parole, or participate in own victimization.
93
Where does the money given to aid victims come from?
From federal grands and offender fees.
94
What is Civil Litigation?
When restitution fails, or the offender is not found guilty past a reasonable doubt, then the case can be taken to civil court. If the offender is found more certain than not guilty, they can be sued.
95
What are Victim Impact Statements?
An oral or written statement given in court by victim or loved ones, essentially allowing the victim to voice the harm they have gone through. These are given after conviction and before sentencing, but have no impact on sentence given.
96
Where are Victim/Witness Assistance Programs housed, and what do they do?
They are housed in prosecutors office, and act as a liaison the court and the victim.
97
What are Family Justice Centers?
Essentially a one stop shop for victims. They offer counseling, legal advice, and any kind of assistance in one place for victims.
98
What are Victim-Offender Mediation Programs?
A voluntary conversation between victim and offenders that are focused on closure.
99
What is Restorative Justice?
The idea that crime causes imbalance, and the harm that crime caused must rectified in order to restore balance.
100
What benefits do Victim-Offender Mediation Programs offer?
Both offenders and victims that participate in these programs report a reduction in fear and anxiety. Offenders that participate are less likely to recidivate in any kind of crime.
