Midterm Terms

Question 1

Voxel

Answer 1

Smallest unit of 3-D data that can be represent in an MRI

Question 2

Angiography

Answer 2

Imaging method that visualizes circulatory system of the brain by injecting dye into carotid artery and X-ray

Question 3

Cerebral vascular accident

Answer 3

Strokes

Blood flow to brain suddenly disrupted - due to blockage of blood passage (embolus-buildup of fatty tissues)

Question 4

Tumours - gliomas, meningiomas, metastatic tumours

Answer 4

G-abnormal reproduction of glial cells
M-originate in meninges, create abnormal pressure on brain
Meta-originate in non cerebral structure, entered bloodstream and carried to brain

Question 5

Degenerative disorders

Answer 5

Genetic aberrations and environmental agents

Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s

Question 6

Infectious/progressive disordere

Answer 6

Caused by viruses

Question 7

Auditory pathway

Answer 7

Eardrum, hair cells and basilar membrane in cochlea, midbrain (cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus), medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus, primary auditory cortex

Question 8

Olfactory pathways

Answer 8

Olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortex or orbitofrontal cortex (secondary olfactory processing area)

Question 9

Aperceptive agnosia

Answer 9

Unable to organize visual features to form coherent perception of objects

More apparent in in right-hemisphere damage

Question 10

Associative agnosia

Answer 10

Failure to access semantic information to perceived object

Left hemisphere

Question 11

Optic ataxia

Answer 11

Can recognize object but cannot guide their actions to it

Question 12

Object constancy

Answer 12

Ability to recognize object in countless situations

Question 13

Repetition suppression effect

Answer 13

Neural response stimulus is faster when it has been recently activated

Question 14

Gnostic unit

Answer 14

Neurons at can recognize complex objects that has been encountered in the past

Question 15

Alexia

Answer 15

Ability to read is disrupted

Question 16

Integrative agnosia

Answer 16

Failure to integrate parts of objects into whole

Question 17

Fusiform Face Area

Answer 17

An area of brain, gyrus on the ventral surface of temporal lobe, that respond to faces

Question 18

Effector

Answer 18

A part of body that can move

Question 19

Alpha motor neurons

Answer 19

Originate in spinal cord and terminate in muscle fibres, cause muscle contraction

Question 20

Motor pathway

Answer 20

Hammer stretches quadriceps, muscle spindle (stretch receptor), sensory neuron in dorsal root of spinal cord, alpha motor neuron in ventral root contract quadriceps

Question 21

extrapyramidal tracts

Answer 21

Rubrospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal

Question 22

Pyramidal tract

Answer 22

Corticospinal tract, direct contralateral connection from the cortex

Question 23

Hemiplegia

Answer 23

Lesion of motor cortex, loss of voluntary movement in contralateral side of body

Reflexes become hyperactive due to loss of control in motor cortex

Question 24

Apraxia

Answer 24

Secondary/association motor areas, commonly left hemisphere

Loss of ability to generate skilled or purposeful movement

Question 25

Paraplegic

Answer 25

Spinal cord, paralysis of lower limbs

Question 26

Qudriplegic

Answer 26

Spinal cord, paralysis of all limbs

Question 27

Ideomotor apraxia

Answer 27

Difficulty in executing desired action properly

Question 28

Ideational apraxia

Answer 28

Loss of knowledge about actions

Question 29

Parkinson’s

Answer 29

Cell death in substantial nigra

Disorder of posture and locomotion, hypokinesia (reduction of voluntary movement), bradykinesia (slowness in initiating and executing movement)

Question 30

Huntington’s

Answer 30

Atrophy in striatum of basal ganglia, clumsiness, involuntary movement, balance problems