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ASTE 524 > Midterm Terms > Flashcards

Midterm Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Why send humans to space (vs robots)?

A

Flexible decision making (S-band antenna example)
Research subjects (test human affects in space)
In-situ operation efficiency
Inspiration for next generations
Survival of the human species

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2
Q

Why NOT send humans to space?

A

Increase reliability & safety requirements
Life support requirements (oxygen, etc)

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3
Q

First human in space

A

Yuri Gagarin - Apr 12, 1961
One orbit, ejection seat w/ parachute

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4
Q

First woman in space

A

Valentina Tereshkova - Jun 16, 1963
Vostok 6

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5
Q

First spacewalk

A

Alexi Leonov - Mar 18, 1965
Voskhod-2

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6
Q

Russian Spacecraft

A

Voskhod 2 (1964-65); 2-3 crew
Soyuz; 3 crew; 14.7psi

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7
Q

Project Mercury

A

100% O2, 5psi; 1.02m3 volume; 1 person crew

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8
Q

First American in space

A

Alan Shepherd - May 5, 1961

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9
Q

Gemini

A

2 crew; 100% O2, 5psi 1.56m3 volume
Demonstrated rendezvous & docking (1965-66)

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10
Q

Apollo

A

3 crew; 100% O2, 5psi; Lunar - 4.5m3 vol/Command - 6m3 vol
Human voyage and landing on the moon

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11
Q

Space Stations

A

Salyut - first space station Apr 19, 1971
Skylab - first US space station May 14, 1973
Mir - 1986 thru 2001
ISS - 1998 thru current
Tiangong Space Lab - 2012 & 2021 (core module)

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12
Q

US Space Shuttle program

A

1981-2011
135 flights
3 main assemblies - orbiter, solid rocket boosters, external tank
Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, Endeavour
Up to 8 crew

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13
Q

Needs, Goals, & Objectives (NGOs)

A

Need - Why are we doing this? Drives everything
Goals - High-level milestones to fulfill need
Objectives - Definition of project success (specific)

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14
Q

Design Reference Mission

A

DRM will be provided after defining NGOs for a human spaceflight mission
Outlines functionality expected of crew transportation system
Top-level mission scenario from start to finish
Broad requirements generated by NASA to industry

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15
Q

Human rating

A

Requirements specific for human health & safety
Defines human interactions w/ the vehicle
Established after 1990s shuttle disasters
Increased focus on operability, human performance, & health

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16
Q

Human Rating Tenets

A
  1. Accommodate the physiological needs of the crew
  2. Utilize the crew’s capabilities
  3. Protect the crew
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17
Q

NASA Human Rating Standard (NPR 8705.2C)

A

Human rating certification for hazard analysis, failure modes, probabilistic safety, flight test plans, etc.
Provides requirements for system safety, crew control, and crew survival & aborts

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18
Q

Guidelines for Design of Human Space Systems

A
  1. Design for minimum risk (eliminate hazards)
  2. Incorporate safety devices (add automation or indicators)
  3. Provide warning devices (signals & detect hazards)
  4. Develop procedures & training
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19
Q

Concept of Operations (ConOps)

A

Verbal & graphical content
Overall picture of operations
Established early in the system design process
Forms a basis for mission planning

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20
Q

ConOps Content

A

Description of major phases
Operational scenarios and/or DRMs
Operational Timelines
Communications Strategy
Command & data architecture
Operational facilities
Integrated logistics support

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21
Q

Space environment effects on humans

A

microgravity
radation
pressure (ppO2)
Temp/thermal control
Psychological
Diet & nutrition
Electric shock

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22
Q

Weightlessness adaptation

A

Most effects are adapted while on orbit and become harmful (maladaptive) once returning from space

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23
Q

Weightlessness Effects on Humans

A

Short term
Fluid shift, neurosensory adaptation

Long Term
Bones loss, muscle atrophy, anthropometry, blood volume decrease, cardio vascular adaptation (decrease), visual acuity

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24
Q

Fluid shift (short term)

A

Compensatory down-regulation of plasma volume associated with central and intracellular fluid shift, begins on launch pad and in earnest on orbit, stufiness, potential effects on cerebral venous drainage

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25
Q

Neurosensory response (short term)

A

Sense of position/motion shift
Space Adaptation Syndrome - onset after MECO
lasts about 1-3 days; rarely longer

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26
Q

Anthropometry (short term)

A

Neutral body posture, decreased abdominal girth, increased chest diameter, increased standing height, change in line of sight vs. 1g environments

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27
Q

Blood Volume & Cardiovascular Changes (Long Term)

A

Blood decrease in plasma volume (10-15%) & red cell mass (10-12%)
Aerobic capacity diminished inflight

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28
Q

Bone loss & muscle atrophy (long term)

A

Bone & muscle loss
Early ISS 1-2% per month
2-2.5x time payback
Bird legs - disuse atrophy

Weight machine countermeasures to reduce leg atrophy

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29
Q

Visual Changes (long term)

A

Spaceflight associated neuro-opthalmic syndrome (SANS)
Swelling of optic nerve, globe flattening, refractive error shift
Medical monitoring after career - long term implications unknown

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30
Q

Venous Thrombosis (long term)

A

Stagnant or retrograde flow in the internal jugular vein which may lead to thrombosis (blood cot) long term

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31
Q

Post landing (microgravity) adaptation (long term)

A

Hypovolemia - 12-15% less blood volume
Anemia - 10-12% less blood cells
Aerobic deconditioning - 15-20% deficit
Increased spinal length (6%)

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32
Q

Deconditioning (long term)

A

Entry adaption syndrome
Postural instability
Orthostatic intolerance
Impaired fitness
Decreased bone density

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33
Q

Effects of partial gravity

A

Mostly unknown/TBD
Walking becomes more natural
Fluids separate & natural convection
Mars gravity (1/3g) Lunar (1/6g)

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34
Q

delta Pressure / delta Time

A

10,000ft pulmonary barotrauma (rupture of cardio walls)
10-18Kft Hypoxia (low level of O2 in tissue)
18,000ft decompression sickness (DCS)
63,000ft Ebuillism (spontaneous phase change from liquid to vapor/gas)

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35
Q

Space Radiation Events

A

Number 1 issue beyond LEO
Solar wind - plasma with protron/electron gas
Solar Particle Events - solar storms
Trapped Radiation in Van Allen Belts
Galactic Cosmic Rays - highly energetic H & He ions

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36
Q

Radiation Effects on Humans

A

Acute (inc by dose) - retinal flash, burns, nausea/vomiting, sterility, hair loss, coma/death

Chronic (inc by dose) - cataracts, immunological dysfunction, premature aging, cancer risk

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37
Q

Radiation during 2.5yr Mars mission

A

~1Sv (Sievert) which is about 5% increase in fatal cancer

38
Q

Sustained Linear Acceleration - +Gx Forward

A

Sustained G in the linear direction are much higher than other axes
Primarily limited by respiratory problems (lungs)
+2Gx tolerable up to 24 hrs
+3-6Gx mechanical compression of chest wall/blurred vision; lower tolerance period

39
Q

Sustained Linear Acceleration (+Gz) Upward

A

Upward acceleration effects due to hydrostatic pressure change (up and down in elevator), each +Gz increases blood pressure in brain by 22mmHg, limited by visual

G-LOC: blackout after ~5secs at 4.5-6Gz

Shuttle reached maxGz ~1.5-1.7G in 20mins post-launch

40
Q

Sustained Linear Acceleration (-Gz) Downward

A

-1 equivalent to hanging upside down
-2 to 3 throbbing headache, swollen eyelids
-4 to -6 >6 secs causes mental confusion & unconsciousness

41
Q

Shock or Impact

A

Impact acceleration may occur during launch/descent
Injury depends on magnitude, restraints, person
Dislocation, death, fracture, etc`

42
Q

G Tolerances

A

+-Gx (chest) 20g amplitude rate 10,000g/s
+-Gy (side) 20g amplitude rate 1,000g/s
+-Gz (spine) 15g amplitude rate 500g/s

43
Q

Regolith (Dust) Effects

A

Mars and Moon are covered with loose/powdery dust
Smaller particles can jam humans/machines
Respiratory irritation, chronic pulmonary diseases, irritation

44
Q

Launch Escape System

A

System designed for rapid & safe separation of the crew from the launch vehicle in the event of a potentially catastrophic in-flight anomaly during ascent

45
Q

Types of Launch Abort/Escape Systems
(slides 142-149)

A

Towers-Mercury, Apollo, Soyuz, Orion, Shenzhou
Pushers-Crew dragon, New Sheppard, Starliner
Ejection Seats-Gemini, Shuttle, X-15, Vostok, Buran
Personal Parachute - Shuttle, Spaceship 2

46
Q

Launch Escape Modes

A

Pad abort - zero altitude/zero airspeed
Mode 1 - land close to the launch area
Mode 2 - rapid entry into atmosphere
Mode 3 - high altitude abort, thermal/entry velocity
Mode 4 - abort to orbit, one orbit then re-entry

47
Q

Launch Escape Triggers

A

Guidance Navigation & Control - trajectory/vibe
Launch Vehicle - tank pressure, breakwire, computer
Manual - button push/ejection cord
Flight termination system - automated system
Spacecraft - independent escape mechanism

48
Q

Launch Escape Scenarios

A

Premature or late booster thrust termination (rocket)
Rapid malfunctions which lead to catastrophic events
Slow deviations & malfunctions

49
Q

Atmospheric Entry

A

Must provide controlled dissipation of kinetic and potential energy of the vehicle speed and altitude at each entry interface

50
Q

Ballistic Entry

A

Simple to mechanize, little to no guidance, stable flight path angle and entry velocity needed
Reduces total energy input w/ high local heating

51
Q

Gliding Entry

A

Assumes sufficient L/D to maintain a glide at a small flight path angle (like the shuttle)
Reduces instantaneous heating but increases total heat

52
Q

Thermal Protection Systems

A

Heat sinking - body heat shield on suborbital flight
Ablative Shielding - Mercury, Apollo, Gemini (panels)
Radiative cooling - excellent insulation, Shuttle, heavy

53
Q

Simple Impulse Orbital Maneuvers

A

Posigrade (in direction of motion) - raises orbit 180deg later
Retrograde (opposite motion) - lowers orbit 180deg later
Out of plane (toward Earth) - inclination change
Radially (thrusters) - rotates line of apsides

54
Q

Single Impulse Orbit Maneuvers Ratios

A

Increasing v while r remains constant increases a
Decreasing v while r remains constant decreases a

55
Q

Lambert Targeting

A

Find the transfer orbit that connects two position vectors

56
Q

Relative Motion Plots (201-207)

A

Uses the target-centered rotating coordinate system expressed in Local Vertical Local Horizontal (LVLH)

Chaser increases velocity at perigee/slows at apogee

57
Q

Human Spacecraft Subsystems

A

Propulsion
Structures
Avionics
Comm
GNC
Software
Power
ECLSS
Thermal

58
Q

ECLSS

A

Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) maintains O2, H2O, Food, CO2, Waste, Heat levels to sustain crew

59
Q

Atmospheric Gas Mix & Pressure (Earth)

A

21% oxygen (earth) & 78% nitrogen, pressure at 14.7psi or 101.3kPa or 760mmHg

60
Q

What happens if ppO2 drops too low?

A

Increased respiratory rate
Numbness
Nausea
Fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Hot or cold flashes

61
Q

What happens if ppO2 and O2 concentrations are too high?

A

O2 toxicity - >3.1psi is toxic
Effect is driven by ppO2 not %O2

Physiological driven by ppO2
Flammability driven by %O2

Flammability - high %O2 concentration could lead to fires & should not exceed 30%

62
Q

Spacecraft Decompression

A

Depressurization can occur due to penetration, valve failure, seal failure, collision, procedural error, slow leak, or rapid decompression

Rate of decompression causes pulmonary barotrauma, hypoxia, decompression sickness, and ebullism

63
Q

Decompression Sickness (DCS)

A

Caused by inert nitrogen in the blood stream coming out of solution and resulting nitrogen bubbles cause pain and other symptoms. Prevented by 100% O2 pre-breathe.

Type 1 DCS– (less serious)
Limb or Joint Pain (bends), Skin manifestations such as itching and rash, Swelling or pain in lymph nodes

Type 2 DCS (serious)
headache, weakness, paralysis, dizziness, personality changes, loss of mental function), difficulty breathing, Death

64
Q

Crew Module Atmospheric Pressure Trade

A

Sea-level pressure & %O2 - longer pre-breathe times prior to EVA, higher leak rates, higher power reqts

Use a reduced PB & increased %O2 - increased increase fire risk, increase oxygen toxicity, can increase hypoxia risk

65
Q

Ventilation & Airflow

A

Insufficient ventilation can cause stagnant CO2 buildup
Provides a mean of cooling the cabin air & smoke detectors to monitor an entire enclosed area

66
Q

Hypercapnia

A

CO2 concentration increase >23mmHg levels and results in not odorless/hard to realize impacts until it’s too late

67
Q

Non-regenerable CO2 Removal

A

Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH) used to remove CO2 during short duration missions by flowing CO2 laden air through a single use container w/ LiOH granules

2kg of LiOH required per person per day

68
Q

Regenerable CO2 Removal

A

Uses a regenerable system (machine) at the cost of additional power consumption & more complicated

69
Q

Temperate & Humidity Control

A

Air temp is generally controlled by circulating air through gas/liquid heat exchanger

Humidity controlled by lowering the temp in the liquid cooling loop below the dew point to create a condensing heat exchanger (CHX)

70
Q

Water, Food, & Waste Requirements

A

Hydration 2kg/day
Food rehydration ~0.5kg/day
Personal hygiene 0.4kg

71
Q

Food requirements

A

Meet nutritional needs of the create safely & healthy, shelf-life, packaging & leftovers, meet daily energy reqts by WHO recommendation

72
Q

Waste Collection (poop)

A

Suction system with collection, treatment, storage/disposal, including trash, poop, vomit, and food preparation waste

73
Q

Space Suit Design

A

IVA (Intravehicular Activity) or Escape Suit
Connected to ship resources, worn inside spacecraft, not meant for pressurization, or used during emergency

EVA (extravehicular activity) requires a portable life support system and used during unpressurized environments; PLSS includes oxygen supply/pressure control, humidity control, thermal, carbon dioxide, etc

74
Q

Crew Functions & Capabilities

A

Perception (visual, hearing, smell, vestibular, etc_
Cognition (problem solving, memory, decision making)
Action (command, piloting, do nothing)

75
Q

Human Centered Design Process

A

Must consider human use from the start of the design process and create multi-stage/iterative problem solving processes, design assumptions, user evaluations, etv

76
Q

Human Centered Design Process Flow Diagram

A

Define Requirement - conops, task analysis
Design - cockpit layout, display design
Implement - paper, wireframe, sim, mockups
Evaluate - user feedback, performance, usability
Re-start…

77
Q

Function Allocation (Sully plane landing)

A

Decides whether a particular function will be accomplished by a person, technology, or some mix

Considers error rates, fatigue, costs, hazards, feasibility, etc

78
Q

Function Allocation (Human vs. Machine)

A

Driven by skills, rules, knowledge, & expertise where expertise requires more human interaction vs. machine

79
Q

Task Analysis (SpaceX spreadsheet example)

A

Study of what people & vehicle automation are require to do to achieve a specific goal - who does what & why

80
Q

Display Design Principles

A

Legibility - contract, font, illumination, color
Top-down processing - consistent w/ mental models (on/off not off/on)
Redundancy - use dissimilar indications
Pictorial Realism - look like the real thing
Principle of moving part - move intuitive direction/pattern
Minimize info cost - keep frequently used in primary visual area
Replace memory - put info on display for quick reaction/readout
Consistency - use similar interfaces familiar by crewmember

81
Q

Design of Spacecraft Controls

A

Flight controls - manual override of automated system
Physical switches - on/off subsystems
Display navigation - control to navigate between displays

82
Q

Placement of Spacecraft Controls

A

Frequency of use
Task criticality
Located near corresponding displays
Vibe/Accel environments (above 3g operations)

83
Q

Minimize Inadvertent Actuation

A

Switch guards, pins and lever locks
Placement (far)
Resistance (high actuation force)
Protective cover

84
Q

Human Experimental Methods

A

Test use cases with actual humans/legibility
Deliberately change independent variable to effect dependent variables looking to test
Maintain control of the independent variable tests

85
Q

Human Workload Parameters

A

Mental, physical, or both workload thresholds over a sustained period of time effects performance of tasks. High workload can lead to more errors, poor accuracy, frustration, and fatigue.

86
Q

Reduce Workload Stress

A

Design controls, displays, & procedures to simplify
Limit use of working memory during high workload
Training
Frequent rests/breaks
Reduce workload as necessary by task

87
Q

Usability

A

the extent to which a product can used by the specified users to achieve specified goals; user friendliness/ease of use

Learnability, Efficiency, Memorability, Errors, & Satisfaction

88
Q

Situation Awareness

A

perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space

Poor situation awareness accounts for 31% accidents

89
Q

Human error

A

when action is taken that was not intended by actor, not desired by rules or external observer

Inappropriate behavior that lowers system effectiveness

90
Q

Anthropometry

A

Study and measurement of human body dimensions
Structural (static) dimensions
Functional (dynamic) dimensions

ASTE 524 (1 decks)

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