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Ornithology > midterm studying > Flashcards

midterm studying Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

taxonomy

A

science of naming and classifying organisms

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2
Q

two approaches to taxonomy

A
  1. group according to phenotypic similarity (=Linnaeus’ method)
  2. group according to evolutionary relationships: Phylogenetic systematics
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3
Q

linnaeus’ method

A

grouping according to phenotypic similarities

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4
Q

phylogenetic systematics

A

grouping according to evolutionary relationships

  • uses phenotypic traits, according to maximum parsimony/fewest changes
  • molecular phylogenetics/DNA analysis
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5
Q

cladistics

A
  • taxonomic groups must correspond to monophyletic groups aka CLADES
  • based on shared derived characters, aka synapomorphies
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6
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared deriived characters

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7
Q

homologous traits

A

-similarities inherited from common ancestors

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8
Q

analogous traits

A

similarities not due to homolgy, but convergent evolution, aka homoplasies
ie. flight in bats and birds

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9
Q

modern approach to taxonomy uses…

A

fossils, traits of extant species, DNA and other molecular markers

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10
Q

living tetrapods

A
  • herps: amphibians and reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
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11
Q

linnean system

A 
kingdom
phylum
class 
order
family
genus
species
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12
Q

are herps monophyletic?

A

NO: tetrapods branched off from amphibians way before birds and reptiles even formed

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13
Q

tetrapods by phylogenetics

A
  • amphibia
  • mammalia
  • testudomorpha/turtles
  • crocodylia/ crocodiles
  • aves/birds
  • lepidosauria/lizards, snakes, tuatara
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14
Q

reptilia monophyletic?

A

NO: its polyphyiletic, containing turles, crocodiles, and lizards/snakes

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15
Q

selective forces leading to terrestrial activity

A
  • movement between bodies of water for new food, escaping drought or predators, or juvenile dispersal
  • use lands for new egolocial niche, new food, no predators, competition free
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16
Q

adaptions required for land

A
  • gas exchange outside of water
  • locomotion
  • stronger skeleton
  • distinct larval and adult forms, since reproduction was still water dependent
17
Q

what were the first animals to breathe air

A
  • fish! ie. the long=nosed gar, breathed air possibly in low oxygen water, or shallows
  • air breathing fish have evolved at least two separate times
18
Q

sarcopterygian: ancestor of tetrapods

A
  • lobe-finned fishes, air breathers, could breathe to survive in mud holes
  • lobed fins for ‘“walking”
19
Q

early aquatic tetrapod: acanthostega gunnari

A

-could walk, sister group to amphibians

20
Q

Tiktaalik roseae

A
  • another species linking fish and land vertebrates

- has hand bones/wrists that are intemediates between lobe-finned fish and land tetrapods

21
Q

Temnospondyls

A
  • most speciose amphibians of paleozoic and ancestors of modern amphibians
  • ie. branchiosaurus, a sister group to modern amphibians
22
Q

paedomorphosis

A

-evolutionary change in which juvenile characteristics are retained in adult form

23
Q

class amphibia orders

A
  • gymnophiona (caecilians)
  • cauudata (salamanders)
  • anura (frogs and toads)
24
Q

common traits of amphibians

A
  • moist, permeable skin with mucous glands
  • poison glands in skin
  • ears, eyes, and teeth
  • carnivorous
  • repro tied to water
  • undergo metamorphosis
25
Q

amniotic egg

A
  • egg has 3 extra membranes: amnion, chorion, allantois, facilitates reproduction away from water, egg is self-containted, surrounded by protective shell
  • this is a synopomorphy of ‘reptiles’, birds, and mammals
26
Q

group following amphibians…

A

reptiles, replaced amphibioans on land because

  • they could more successfully reproduce away from water
  • have stronger jaws and teeth, due to being diapsid, two pairs of holes in skull
27
Q

the permian was a time of…

A

diversification of jaws and food sources

-saw rise of herbivorous amphibians, fin-backed mammal like reptiles, and THERAPSIDS

28
Q

therapsids

A

mammal-like reptiles

29
Q

amniote skulls

A

mammals=synapsid
non-turtle reptiles, birds= diapsid
- turtles=anapsid

30
Q

permian extinction, who survived?

A

-only temnospondyls, and some amniotes survived

Ornithology (9 decks)

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