Midterm Study Set Flashcards
How would you define research?
- a systematic and rigorous investigation of info
- uses a set of processes to test a hypothesis
- helps us discover new knowledge
What are the 3 items that evidence based practice relies on?
1) clinical experience
2) research evidence
3) patient preference
One’s beliefs about the nature of reality
Ontology
Answers “what is true? What exists?”
Ontology
The study of how we know what we know
Epistemology
Answers “How can we know what exists”
Epistemology
______ is the ontology of the quantitative paradigm
Realism
______ is the ontology of the qualitative paradigm
Relativism
Positivism has a ______ epistemology
Objective
Interpretivism has a _______ epistemology
Subjective
What is an “etic” perspective?
- an outsider studying a culture from the outside in, without taking part in it.
- Relies on observation instead of participation
What is an “emic” perspective?
- how people perceive their own cultural experiences
- participant in the culture
- avoids interpreting others through own cultural belief
A set of guiding pricinples used to describe somethinh
theories
Helps explain observations and assumptions.
concepts
_____ show the relationship between concepts
models
explain mediator variable vs. moderator variable
Mediator variable
- explains the process through which 2 variables are related.
- on the causal pathway, and leads to the outcome
- Example: sleep quality (IV) affects academic achievement (DV). However, this is because sleep quality affects alertness (mediator), which then affects academic achievement
Moderator variable
- strengthens the association between IV and DV.
Example: Hours of study (IV) and exam score (DV). Factor in IQ, and that could impact results and strengthen the association
Surveys and questionnaires are examples of a ______ approach
Quantitative
Explain the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis
Null hypothesis:
- a type of statistical hypothesis where you predict that there is no relationship
- states that there is no statistical significance in a given observation
Alternative hypothesis:
- states that there is statistical significance in a given observation
Quantitative methods rely on this
Replicability
what is a systematic review?
- highest on hierarchy of scientific evidence
- uses systematic methods to collect and analyze secondary data
what is a meta analysis
- pools data from different studies
What is a cross sectional study? Example?
Makes comparisons at a single point in time
- example: what is the prevalence of cancer in the black community in Toronto?
hypothesis testing would fall under which paradigm
quantitative
Explain an inductive approach vs. a deductive approach
inductive
- aims to develop a theory
- moves from specific observations to broad generalizations
- look at patterns and then develop hypothesis
deductive
- aims to test a theory
- moves from broad generalizations to specific conclusions
- you have 2 true statements. from there you form conclusion.
A=B, B=C, so A=C
Ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and participant action research, are all approaches to _______
qualitative study designs
Provide examples of qualitative data collection methods:
- in depth interviews
- participant observations
- focus groups
- diaries
What is reflexivity?
Reflexivity is acknowledging your role in the research process.
- examining one’s own beliefs and practices during the research process
- researchers need to be aware of their own subjectivity
What were Snowdon’s research questions?
Started off as what is the connection between level of education and mental capabilities?
Why do some people age well while others become sick and disabled?
what are the main components of a research question for quantitative research?
PICO (TS)
- population (target
- intevention
- comparison group
- outcome variable of interest
- Time
Setting
What are the main components of a research question for
PICo
- population/problem
- phenomena of interest
- context
what is epidemiology?
- the study of what incidence of dseases, and what causes them
- it is an observational study
What type of research is epidemiology
observational research
What are 3 research designs used in observational research?
1) cohort studies
2) case-control studies
3) cross-sectional studies
What is one of the key factors in epidemiology?
Sampling (selecting part of the population to study)
what is a confounding variable?
It causes the predictor and the outcome.
- It affects the independent variable and the dependent variable
- Smoking is associating with gambling, and smoking is associated with cancer.
What is enthography?
the scientific descripton of himan culture, society, and community
- example: fieldwork
- example: open-ended inquiry
Which 4 data collection methods fall under ethnography?
- observations
- document review
- interviews
- personal diaries
What are the criteria for being a confounding variable?
1) must be associated with the outcome
2) must be associated with the exposure
3) must not be affected by the exposure (cannot be on the causal pathway)
What were the 4 key discoveries that changed Snowdon’s research trajectory
1) they discovered the Mankato archives which had vows, photographs, etc
2) He met mortimer at research conference - brain reserve theory
3) met markesbury
4) autobiographies
What is brain reserve theory
the brain’s ability to resist damage, which wards of symptoms
what is triangulation
- using multiple datasets, methods, etc to address a research question
- it is used to increase the validity of findings
What is grounded theory?
- the collection and analysis of data
- constructs theories from data
- allows us to ground our observations in data
What are the 6 steps of grounded theory?
1) collect data
2) code data
3) organize data around concepts
4) form categories of related concepts
5) elaborate patterns and linkages between categories
6) develop a theoretical explanatory model
What is Bradford Hill criteria?
- 9 principles that can used to establish evidence of a causal relationship
- evaluate causal significance to observational associations
What is pathology
the study of disease by removing organs and studying them
What are the 4 data measurement scales?
1) nominal scale (categorical)
2) ordinal scales (categorical)
3) intervan scales (numeric)
4) ratio scales (numeric)
Which scale is this “How satisfied are you with the service? Very, somewhat, not”
ordinal
(represents non math ideas)
What is the Braak scale
it is a type of measurement that is used to evaluate brain damage in Alzheimer patients
the accuracy of an assessment is called
validity
What can impact the validity of findings?
recall bias
What type of measurement does the Braak scale use? (how damaged alzheimers brain)
ordinal
- there is an order to it, but its grouped
What does idea density look at?
The # of propositions (individual ideas) expressed per 10 words
- it reflects language processing associated with:
1) level of education
2) general knowledge
3) vocabulary
When Snowdon measured linguistic ability, what were some specific things he looked at
1) combo of words
2) frequency of rarely used words
3) use of multisyllabilic words
4) complexity of sentences
5) # of clauses, verbs, etc
How did Snowdon measure grammatical complexity?
He used a scale from 0-7
- 0 was simple one-cluse sentences
- 7 was complex sentenes
What were some measurements Snowdon reviewed for the nun study?
1) idea density
2) linguistic ability
3) grammatical complexity
This term describes consistency of an assessment measure
reliability
this term describes measuring what something is supposed to measure
validity
What is blinding, in research?
When the researcher doing the autopsy doesnt know the diagnosis/symptoms
