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fnr 100 > Midterm Study Set > Flashcards

Midterm Study Set Flashcards

1
Q

How would you define research?

A
  • a systematic and rigorous investigation of info
  • uses a set of processes to test a hypothesis
  • helps us discover new knowledge
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2
Q

What are the 3 items that evidence based practice relies on?

A

1) clinical experience
2) research evidence
3) patient preference

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3
Q

One’s beliefs about the nature of reality

A

Ontology

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4
Q

Answers “what is true? What exists?”

A

Ontology

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5
Q

The study of how we know what we know

A

Epistemology

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6
Q

Answers “How can we know what exists”

A

Epistemology

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7
Q

______ is the ontology of the quantitative paradigm

A

Realism

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8
Q

______ is the ontology of the qualitative paradigm

A

Relativism

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9
Q

Positivism has a ______ epistemology

A

Objective

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10
Q

Interpretivism has a _______ epistemology

A

Subjective

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11
Q

What is an “etic” perspective?

A
  • an outsider studying a culture from the outside in, without taking part in it.
  • Relies on observation instead of participation
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12
Q

What is an “emic” perspective?

A
  • how people perceive their own cultural experiences
  • participant in the culture
  • avoids interpreting others through own cultural belief
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13
Q

A set of guiding pricinples used to describe somethinh

A

theories

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14
Q

Helps explain observations and assumptions.

A

concepts

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15
Q

_____ show the relationship between concepts

A

models

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16
Q

explain mediator variable vs. moderator variable

A

Mediator variable
- explains the process through which 2 variables are related.
- on the causal pathway, and leads to the outcome
- Example: sleep quality (IV) affects academic achievement (DV). However, this is because sleep quality affects alertness (mediator), which then affects academic achievement

Moderator variable
- strengthens the association between IV and DV.
Example: Hours of study (IV) and exam score (DV). Factor in IQ, and that could impact results and strengthen the association

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17
Q

Surveys and questionnaires are examples of a ______ approach

A

Quantitative

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18
Q

Explain the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis

A

Null hypothesis:
- a type of statistical hypothesis where you predict that there is no relationship
- states that there is no statistical significance in a given observation

Alternative hypothesis:
- states that there is statistical significance in a given observation

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19
Q

Quantitative methods rely on this

A

Replicability

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20
Q

what is a systematic review?

A
  • highest on hierarchy of scientific evidence
  • uses systematic methods to collect and analyze secondary data
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21
Q

what is a meta analysis

A
  • pools data from different studies
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22
Q

What is a cross sectional study? Example?

A

Makes comparisons at a single point in time
- example: what is the prevalence of cancer in the black community in Toronto?

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23
Q

hypothesis testing would fall under which paradigm

A

quantitative

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24
Q

Explain an inductive approach vs. a deductive approach

A

inductive
- aims to develop a theory
- moves from specific observations to broad generalizations
- look at patterns and then develop hypothesis

deductive
- aims to test a theory
- moves from broad generalizations to specific conclusions
- you have 2 true statements. from there you form conclusion.
A=B, B=C, so A=C

25
Q

Ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and participant action research, are all approaches to _______

A

qualitative study designs

26
Q

Provide examples of qualitative data collection methods:

A
  • in depth interviews
  • participant observations
  • focus groups
  • diaries
27
Q

What is reflexivity?

A

Reflexivity is acknowledging your role in the research process.
- examining one’s own beliefs and practices during the research process
- researchers need to be aware of their own subjectivity

28
Q

What were Snowdon’s research questions?

A

Started off as what is the connection between level of education and mental capabilities?

Why do some people age well while others become sick and disabled?

29
Q

what are the main components of a research question for quantitative research?

A

PICO (TS)
- population (target
- intevention
- comparison group
- outcome variable of interest
- Time
Setting

30
Q

What are the main components of a research question for

A

PICo
- population/problem
- phenomena of interest
- context

31
Q

what is epidemiology?

A
  • the study of what incidence of dseases, and what causes them
  • it is an observational study
32
Q

What type of research is epidemiology

A

observational research

33
Q

What are 3 research designs used in observational research?

A

1) cohort studies
2) case-control studies
3) cross-sectional studies

34
Q

What is one of the key factors in epidemiology?

A

Sampling (selecting part of the population to study)

35
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

It causes the predictor and the outcome.
- It affects the independent variable and the dependent variable
- Smoking is associating with gambling, and smoking is associated with cancer.

36
Q

What is enthography?

A

the scientific descripton of himan culture, society, and community
- example: fieldwork
- example: open-ended inquiry

37
Q

Which 4 data collection methods fall under ethnography?

A
  • observations
  • document review
  • interviews
  • personal diaries
38
Q

What are the criteria for being a confounding variable?

A

1) must be associated with the outcome
2) must be associated with the exposure
3) must not be affected by the exposure (cannot be on the causal pathway)

39
Q

What were the 4 key discoveries that changed Snowdon’s research trajectory

A

1) they discovered the Mankato archives which had vows, photographs, etc
2) He met mortimer at research conference - brain reserve theory
3) met markesbury
4) autobiographies

40
Q

What is brain reserve theory

A

the brain’s ability to resist damage, which wards of symptoms

41
Q

what is triangulation

A
  • using multiple datasets, methods, etc to address a research question
  • it is used to increase the validity of findings
42
Q

What is grounded theory?

A
  • the collection and analysis of data
  • constructs theories from data
  • allows us to ground our observations in data
43
Q

What are the 6 steps of grounded theory?

A

1) collect data
2) code data
3) organize data around concepts
4) form categories of related concepts
5) elaborate patterns and linkages between categories
6) develop a theoretical explanatory model

44
Q

What is Bradford Hill criteria?

A
  • 9 principles that can used to establish evidence of a causal relationship
  • evaluate causal significance to observational associations
45
Q

What is pathology

A

the study of disease by removing organs and studying them

46
Q

What are the 4 data measurement scales?

A

1) nominal scale (categorical)
2) ordinal scales (categorical)
3) intervan scales (numeric)
4) ratio scales (numeric)

47
Q

Which scale is this “How satisfied are you with the service? Very, somewhat, not”

A

ordinal

(represents non math ideas)

48
Q

What is the Braak scale

A

it is a type of measurement that is used to evaluate brain damage in Alzheimer patients

49
Q

the accuracy of an assessment is called

A

validity

50
Q

What can impact the validity of findings?

A

recall bias

51
Q

What type of measurement does the Braak scale use? (how damaged alzheimers brain)

A

ordinal

  • there is an order to it, but its grouped
52
Q

What does idea density look at?

A

The # of propositions (individual ideas) expressed per 10 words
- it reflects language processing associated with:
1) level of education
2) general knowledge
3) vocabulary

53
Q

When Snowdon measured linguistic ability, what were some specific things he looked at

A

1) combo of words
2) frequency of rarely used words
3) use of multisyllabilic words
4) complexity of sentences
5) # of clauses, verbs, etc

54
Q

How did Snowdon measure grammatical complexity?

A

He used a scale from 0-7
- 0 was simple one-cluse sentences
- 7 was complex sentenes

55
Q

What were some measurements Snowdon reviewed for the nun study?

A

1) idea density
2) linguistic ability
3) grammatical complexity

56
Q

This term describes consistency of an assessment measure

A

reliability

57
Q

this term describes measuring what something is supposed to measure

A

validity

58
Q

What is blinding, in research?

A

When the researcher doing the autopsy doesnt know the diagnosis/symptoms

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