Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroethology > Midterm Study (Invertebrate, Vertebrate Pheromones, Invert Processing) > Flashcards

Midterm Study (Invertebrate, Vertebrate Pheromones, Invert Processing) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 pheromone categories?

A
  1. alarm
  2. aggregation
  3. attractant
  4. courtship
  5. hatching
  6. mating
  7. navigation
  8. settling
  9. territory marking
  10. trail marking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 pheromone classifications?

A
  1. releaser
  2. modulator
  3. signaler
  4. primer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give a vertebrate example of an alarm pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

European minnows

sender: injured minnow
receiver: other minnows
response: other minnows swim away from perceived threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give an invertebrate example of an alarm pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

Navanax nudibranchs

sender: injured navanax
receiver: following navanaxes
response: follower navanaxes veer off the trail of the injured nudibranch to avoid potential predator/threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give a vertebrate example of an aggregation pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

mallard ducks

sender: sexually mature male mallards
receiver: other male mallards
response: aggregation of sexually mature males for courtship display to females

red-sided garter snakes

sender: females
receiver: males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an invertebrate example of an aggregation pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

western pine beetle

female arrives first and release pheromones to ATTRACT males
a male arrives and release other pheromones

sender: once both a female and male are present, their pheromones together act as an aggregation pheromone
receiver: other pine beetles
response: aggregation of individuals at the western pine tree

honey bees:

sender: queen
receiver: workers
response: if temperature is low to cause workers to aggregate and shake to increase temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give a vertebrate example of an attractant pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

magnificent tree frogs

sender: males release splendipherin
receiver: females
response: attracts females ready to mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an invertebrate example of an attractant pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

silkworm moths

sender: female silkworm moths ready to reproduce
receiver: male silkworm moths
response: males start flapping wings and walking toward female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a courtship pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

goldfish?

sender: females release prostaglandin internally to stimulate ovulation and externally in urine, it signals to the male that the female is ovulating
receiver: herself (internal = ovulation) and males
response: males begin courting the female by swimming around her

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a courtship pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

Drosophila?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a hatching pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a hatching pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

estuarine crabs

sender: embryos
receiver: fertilized females (mothers)
response: stimulate abdominal muscle flexing in females to release the larvae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a mating pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

wild boars or domestic pigs

sender: male boars
receiver: female boars
response: if a female boar detects the pheromone in the male’s breath, she will move into the mating position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a mating pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

blue crabs

sender: female urine signals to male the reproductive state of female
receiver: males
response: males perform a mating display and then carry female body around until done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a navigation pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

sea lamprey

sender: juvenile lampreys
receiver: adult lampreys
response: guides adults back to spawning ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a navigation pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a settling pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

Arctic barnacles

sender: adult Arctic barnacles
receiver: larval Arctic barnacles
response: mobile larvae settle in area where adults release pheromone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a settling pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a territory marking pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

big cats (ex. cheetahs) excrete urine on trees or large rocks to mark their territory

sender: territory owner (a male cheetah)
receiver: potential competitors (other male cheetahs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a territory marking pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

NA??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a trail marking pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

NA?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a trail marking pheromone including sender, receiver, response and context

A

foraging ants

sender: foraging ants
receiver: other ants from the colony
response: other ants from the colony are recruited to help bring the food source back to the colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define a releaser pheromone

A

a pheromone which elicits an immediate BEHAVIOURAL response in the receiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define a modulator pheromone

A

a pheromone which affects the emotional state of the receiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define a signaler pheromone

A

a pheromone which provides information or used for communication and does not necessarily elicit a behavioural response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define a primer pheromone

A

a pheromone which elicits a long-term, physiological response in the receiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a releaser pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: releaser = elicits an immediate BEHAVIOURAL response in the receiver

elephants

sender: female
receiver: male
context: male ingests female vaginal secretions to determine reproductive state, if she is in oestrus then
response: males will immediately be ‘ready’ to mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a releaser pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: releaser = elicits an immediate BEHAVIOURAL response in the receiver

alarm pheromones in nudibranchs

trail marking in ants

female attractant in silkworm moths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a modulator pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: elicits an emotional state response in receiver

human females relax after watching horror movie when exposed to male pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a modulator pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: elicits an emotional state response in receiver

male drones release a pheromone to calm the worker bees in the colony to tolerate their presence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a signaler pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: signaler pheromones provide information/used for communication (no behavioural response required)

female deer returning to herd is able to recognize her kin

crested auklets’ fragrant huddle - sniffing each other to learn information (recognition, identification, age, ready to mate?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a signaler pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: signaler pheromones provide information/used for communication (no behavioural response required)

ex. territory marking in fire ants - allows members of other fire ant colonies to decide to attack or avoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give a vertebrate example of a primer pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: elicits a long-term, physiological effect

dominant female tamarins and marmosets suppress other females’ ovulation

tadpole alarm pheromone which changes the life history of other tadpoles = metamorphosis at earlier time/smaller size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give an invertebrate example of a primer pheromone including sender, receiver and response

A

reminder: elicits a long-term, physiological effect

queen bees suppress worker bees’ ovulation so she is the only one who can reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the benefits and negatives of volatility

A

benefits: spreads the message further and potentially reaches more individuals

negative: volatility depends on the medium which its being spread through - if in water, molecule needs to be hydrophilic to be volatile or needs a carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What 6 characteristics are universal for all pheromones?

A
  1. old/ancient
  2. ubiquitous
  3. made from organic molecules
  4. required in low concentrations
  5. highly specific
  6. diverse
37
Q

Define pheromones

A

chemicals used to communicate within a species

very low concentrations required and made from organic molecules

38
Q

what 5 characteristics can vary in pheromones?

A
  1. volatility
  2. stability
  3. persistence
  4. duality
  5. derived from existing chemicals
39
Q

if a juvenile female mouse is exposed to the urine of an adult female…. this is an example of what category of pheromone?

A

puberty in the juvenile female is postponed to slow population growth (have fewer reproductive females at a time)

40
Q

if a juvenile female mouse is exposed to the urine of an adult male….

A

puberty is accelerated to increase reproductive success

41
Q

if a juvenile female mouse is exposed to the urine of an unfamiliar adult female….

A

oestrus is slowed down to reduce reproductive competition and save energy

42
Q

if a juvenile female mouse is exposed to the urine of an unfamiliar adult male….

A

oestrus is accelerated to increase reproductive success

43
Q

What happens when an inseminated female mouse is exposed to the urine of an unfamiliar male?

A

pregnancy is terminated (‘Bruce effect’) - if a female mates with a male outside of the group, the pheromones in the dominant male’s urine will end the pregnancy so it’s only his offspring

same if the alpha male is overthrown by a new male

44
Q

What 6 things can occur that complicates the study of the pheromone?

A
  1. redundancy of signals
  2. modification of pheromones
  3. habituation
  4. proteins as pheromones and hierarchy of pheromones
  5. learning
  6. social context and recognition - sometimes no measurable response
45
Q

How can redundancy of pheromones make studying them difficult? give an example of a redundancy and why

A

multiple pathways to give the same response

how do you know what is responsible for the response? is it multiple things or just one?

ex. black-tailed deer when signalling alarm may release a pheromone, but also stomp their forefeet and make hissing sounds

this increases the level of complexity - how can you know which is causing the response?

46
Q

How can modification of pheromones / responses make studying them difficult? give an example of a pheromone that is modified and why

A

ex. male elephants modify the response to a female in oestrus with an ‘off-switch’ by degrading the signal if the situation does not allow for immediate mating

if the receiver modifies the pheromone, it makes it difficult to study because the response is not what the researcher is expecting

47
Q

How does habituation create complications for studying pheromones? give an example of habituation

A

mice and other rodents (Coolidge effect)

48
Q

How do proteins as pheromones and a hierarchy of pheromones complicate research? give an example

A

hamsters produce proteins that act as pheromones

difficult to determine what molecule is acting as a pheromone

49
Q

How does learning create complications for studying pheromones? give an example of creating

A

rabbit offspring found the nipple easily even when the pheromone was changed

makes it difficult to determine if the animal is using pheromones to communicate or if the response is just learned

50
Q

How do pheromones used for social context/recognition create complications for studying pheromones? give an example

A

there may not be a behavioural response which can be studied

ex. hyenas sniff one another

51
Q

the mouse example with juvenile and adult mice is an example of what category of pheromones?

A

elicits a physiological response in the receiver = primer pheromones

52
Q

define semiochemicals and give an example

A

chemicals used for communicating a message WITHIN an individual

ex. hormones

53
Q

define allelochemicals

A

chemicals used to communicate BETWEEN species (interspecific)

54
Q

What are sensilla (pl.)? What type of information can they receive and what processes are they involved in?

A

hair-like structures on insect antennae that increase surface area

can contain both chemoreceptive and mechanoreceptive sensory neurons

involved in olfaction, detection of pheromones, gustation and hearing and touch in insects

55
Q

What are the 3 types of sensilla and give examples

A
  1. trichoid - hair-like - bees
  2. basiconic - peg-like - house flies
  3. coeloconic - recessed peg-like -
56
Q

What are the major structures of a sensillum (s.)?

A

external cuticle
pore(s) in cuticle

internal:
dendrites of sensory neuron extend toward tip
2-4 cell bodies of sensory neurons at base of sensillum with axons extending toward central

57
Q

What are the pros and cons of having more pores on a sensillum?

A

more increases the sensitivity because there is greater access of ligands to receptors

but more susceptible to water loss

58
Q

What 5 methods can be used to study sensilla and responses to pheromones?

A

nanotools which mimic moth antennae

bioassays - ex. bees with positive stimulus and conditioning

electroantennograms - antennae need to be amputated - determine if there is a response to an odourant

extracellular recording - probes which determine which cells respond to a stimulus

mapping - which sensilla are distributed where and related to what sensory processes/structures

59
Q

How many synapses is the antennal lobe from the brain?

A

one

60
Q

how many sensory neurons (OSNs) does a single sensillum have?

A

2-4

61
Q

What is an OSN?

A

Olfactory Sensory Neuron

62
Q

How many olfactory receptor (OR) types can a OSN have?

A

a single OSN can only have one type of OR, though they can have more than one OR

63
Q

Which structure do sensillum axon project into in the antennal lobe?

A

sensillum axon projects into glomerulus in the antennal lobe

64
Q

What is a neuropil? what structure has this form? What is its purpose?

A

a spherical organization that is only fibers (no cell bodies) to make communication more efficient

glomeruli have neuropil forms

65
Q

Where are glomeruli located?

A

in the antennal lobe inside the brain

66
Q

What are local interneurons (LIN)? what do they do and where do they project and synapse?

A

LINs project and synapse onto glomeruli to communicate between glomeruli (usually a few of many glomeruli - not all of them)

they refine information (ex. from a plume): they receive input from glomeruli and cause lateral inhibition to INCREASE specificity and determine what information moves forward for more processing

67
Q

What part of the antennal lobe pathway in insects increases specificity?

A

lateral inhibition of signals by the local interneurons in the glomeruli

68
Q

What questions about sensilla of the antenna determine what happens to the signal?

A

what type of sensillum is receiving?
are its receptors activated?
how many are activated?
distribution of ORs?
timing of OR activation?
how many pores?

69
Q

What are projection neurons (PNs)?

A

neurons that have cell bodies outside of the glomeruli but still in antennal lobe

PN dendrites project from cell bodies in antennal lobe into glomeruli and axons project onto the Kenyon cells of mushroom bodies

some are uni-glomerular and some have dendrites which extend to more than one glomerulus

alternatively, the PNs can project onto the lateral horn for coarse discrimination

70
Q

What 4 structures are mushroom bodies composed of?

A
  1. Kenyon cells
  2. calyces
  3. peduncle
  4. alpha, beta, gamma lobes
71
Q

What do the axons of the projection neurons project onto?

A

mushroom bodies

72
Q

What are Kenyon cells (KC)? where do their axons and dendrites project?

A

the local cell bodies within each mushroom body

dendrites project into the calcyes body
axons form the Peduncle

73
Q

what are the calcyes?

A

smaller neuropils (than previous glomeruli) that are arranged in layers based on modality (chemosensory, visual, etc) in the mushroom bodies

74
Q

what is the peduncle of a mushroom body?

A

resembles the stalk of a mushroom

composed of the Kenyon cell axons

75
Q

What are the alpha, beta and gamma lobes of the mushroom bodies?

A

where the outputs (behaviour) of the mushroom bodies are sent from

where fine discrimination, learning and memory occurs

the outputs

76
Q

In the antennal lobe pathway, what increases sensitivity (redundancy) to the signal?

A

convergence of OSNs with the same OR type on a single glomerulus

ex. all the OSNs with OR type 1 project onto glomerulus 1

77
Q

Briefly, what are the steps for odourant detection in the pathway from periphery to central?

A

odourant > sensillum > Odourant-Binding Protein (OR) > Olfactory Sensory Neuron > glomeruli in the Antennal Lobe > Projection Neuron > Kenyon Cells in the Mushroom Bodies > alpha,beta,gamma lobes

alternatively, from the Projection Neurons, the information can be sent to the Lateral Horn to cause acute/innate behaviour (coarse discrimination)

78
Q

Briefly, what are the steps for pheromone detection in the pathway from periphery to central? what happens at the end?

A

sensillum on antenna > pheromone binding protein on OR > OSN > Macroglomerular complex in the antennal lobe > projection neurons > lateral horn

lateral horn is where coarse discrimination occurs for acute and innate behaviours

79
Q

What is the lateral horn?

A

the structure where projection neurons project final pheromonal signals for processing - coarse discrimination and outputs are acute/innate behaviour

or where projection neurons carrying odourant information send info

80
Q

What is a macroglomerular complex?

A

a neuropil structure in the antennal lobe which responds to particularly important sensory information - enlarged for more processing

it increases redundancy = increases sensitivity

ex. for ants it could be for sensing trail marking pheromones

81
Q

What does increasing redundancy do?

A

increases sensitivity to the stimulus

82
Q

What is the difference between odourant and pheromone processing pathways?

A

odourant: olfactory receptors on the OSNs have odourant-binding proteins vs. pheromone-binding proteins on the ORs in pheromone pathway

odourant pathway does not usually include MGCs whereas pheromone pathway has MGC

odourant processing finishes in the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies where fine discrimination, learning, memory and integration of multisensory information occurs vs.
pheromone processing finishes in the lateral horn of the mushroom bodies where coarse discrimination occurs and outputs are acute/innate behaviour

83
Q

Where can crossover between the 2 pathways occur?

A

the OSNs of P.pathway can project onto regular glomeruli in the antennal lobe instead of just onto the MGC

the PNs of the P.pathway can project onto Kenyon cells of the MBs instead of the lateral horn

the PNs of the O.pathway can project onto the lateral horn of the mushroom bodies instead of the Kenyon cells

84
Q

Would honeybees or Drosophila have more elaborate mushroom bodies? why?

A

honeybees - they are eusocial and more complex

85
Q

What are the roles of each caste in honey bee colonies?

A

queen:
- lay eggs
- run colony with pheromones (suppress workers’ ovulation)

drone:
- mate with queen of new colonies
- keep colony happy by releasing a calming pheromone

workers:
- in-hive tasks (capping pupating cells, cleaning, feeding larvae, caring for queen)
- guarding hive
- foraging for pollen
- roles change depending on age (nurse > hive maintenance > foraging)

larvae / brood

86
Q

In a honey bee colony, which castes produce pheromones? give examples for each

A

all of them including the brood

queen: pheromone to suppress the ovulation of worker bees so she is the only one who can reproduce

drones: pheromone to keep hive calm especially if he has returned from a mating venture (means he was unsuccessful and is now useless)

workers: pheromone for marking profitable food or water source (trail marking?), alarm pheromone when intruder

larvae/brood: pheromones released to make sure they are fed and taken care of by the nurse worker bees (the queen is also releasing pheromones for this)

87
Q

How can the worker bees be an example of redundancy in signals?

A

they release pheromones at profitable food or water source but also they do a dance for the colony when they return to provide directions to the source

88
Q

Give an example of specificity in pheromones

A

bolas spiders

sender: female spiders can mimic the armyworm moth’s sex attractant pheromone to attract a male moth
receiver: male armyworm moth
response: male attractant and spider gets to eat

spider can change the ratio of components to signal to different moths depending on their activity and the time

Neuroethology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions