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Midterm Study Guides > Midterm Study Guide For Science > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide For Science Flashcards

1
Q

Possible, testable explanation for an observation

A

hypothesis

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2
Q

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

A

Theory: An explanation based on many experiments and observations. Why or how something happens.
Law: A rule that describes a pattern in nature. A prediction that something will happen.

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3
Q

Put the following steps in the scientific process in order: analysis, communication, experimentation, hypothesis, observation

A

Observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, communication

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4
Q

What is the base metric unit for each: length, mass, volume?

A

Length – Meter
Weight – kilogram or gram
volume – liter (or mL)

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5
Q

What does each prefix mean: kilo, centi, milli?

A

Kilo: 1000x
Centi: 0.01 or 1/100
Milli: 0.001 or 1/1000

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6
Q

What are the mean & Median of this data set? 4,3,2,3,4,3,1,2,3

A

Mean: 2.78
Median: 3

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7
Q

Which variable represents data collected?
Which variable represents 1 being changed?

A

Data collected = dependent variable
Data changed = independent variable

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8
Q

Name 4 spheres of Earth & 3 examples of how any 2 interact with each other

A

Geosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, atmosphere

Examples of interaction:
rain/hydro fall on soil/geo
plant roots/bio take up water/hydro
Wind/atmo weather rock/geo
animals/bio breathe oxygen/atmo or drink water/hydro

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9
Q

Name 5 layers of atmosphere & 1 characteristic of each

A

Troposphere - densest
Stratosphere - contains ozone layer
Mesosphere - coldest layer
Thermosphere - satellites orbit here
Exosphere - least dense, hottest

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10
Q

What happens to temperature & density as you go deeper into the earth? How do the forces contribute to the make-up of earth’s layers?

A

Temp & Density increase as you go deeper into Earth

If Temp is more than pressure=plastic/liquid layer

If pressure is more than temp=solid layer

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11
Q

Describe the crust (solid, liquid, plastic; relative density)

A

SOLID, least dense (less dense than mantle)

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12
Q

Describe the Mantle & it’s layers. Which one is plastic

A

Thick Middle Layer,
Solid but HOT
Uppermost Mantle, asthenosphere (PLASTIC), upper mantle, lower mantle,

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13
Q

Describe the CORE and it’s layers. Which layer is liquid

A

Dense metallic/iron center

Outer Core (LIQUID) and Inner Core

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14
Q

Formula for Density. What’s the density of a fluid with mass of 50 g and volume of 10 mL

A

D = Mass/Volume

50/10=5 g/ML

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15
Q

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms/ions

A

Mineral

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16
Q

Difference between naturally occurring & inorganic

A

Naturally occurring - not man made

Inorganic - not made in life but can be made by life (ex: not sugar, but shells)

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17
Q

When each mineral has a formula/recipe of elements in the periodic table & specific proportions/amounts

A

Definite Chemical Composition

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18
Q

What is crystalline form?

A

Atoms not randomly arranged but have a repeating pattern

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19
Q

How do mineral crystallize?

A

Through an increase of atoms or decrease in volume of solution

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20
Q

Physical & Chemical properties to identify minerals (7)

A

Color
Luster
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage/fracture (breakage)
Density
Special Properties: <5=8, 5-6=9, 7=10

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21
Q

Which 2 tests would you use to tell Gold apart from Pyrite?

A

Density, Hardness & Streak

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22
Q

Would it be easy or difficult to tell hematite apart from Magnetite?

A

Difficult because they have almost the same answer in every test

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23
Q

Why is more than 1 test required to identify a mineral?

A

Because each mineral shares some of its properties with other minerals, but no 2 have the exact same set of all properties

24
Q

How do P & S waves help understand earth’s layers?

A

P waves travel through solid & liquid

S waves only travel through solids

Both waves change speed at different temps & types of rocks - so the pattern of how they move show the Earth’s interior is made of different material & Outer Core is liquid

25
Q

Why can P waves travel through solid & Liquid but S waves only through solid?

A

P waves push movement between molecules which can happen in both solid & liquid

S waves slide movement between molecules & this is new for solids but is already happening in liquids (stopping the wave)

26
Q

Layers of the Earth from inner most to Outer most

A

Inner Core
Outer Core
Lower Mantle
Upper Mantle
Asthenosphere
Uppermost Mantle
Crust

27
Q

What is rock & what 2 traits are used to identify them?

A

Rock is naturally occurring solid mixture of minerals or grains.

Texture & Composition to identify them

28
Q

How are igneous rocks made?

A

by Hardened/cooled Magma or Lava

29
Q

Different between Intrusive & Extrusive igneous rocks.

A

Intrusive is made from magma/extrusive lava

Extrusive has larger crystals & takes more time to cool/extrusive smaller

30
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Weathered to sediment & clasts by wind & water

Sediment/clasts are eroded & deposited

Sediment compacts under its own weight

Minerals cement clasts together when water evaporates

31
Q

What is the difference between clastic, chemical & biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic - bigger
Chemical - atoms/ions
Biochemical - contain some life parts

32
Q

How are metamorphic rocks made?

A

Change in texture due to extreme temp or pressure

33
Q

Difference between foliated & non-foliated metamophic rock?

A

Foliated - pressure changes, layered

Non-foliated - temperature changes, uniform

34
Q

How does metamorphic rocks become sedimentary rocks?

A

Uplift by earthquake OR melts to magma, erupts as lava
Igneous rock weathering
Erosion & Deposition
Compaction & Cementation

35
Q

Breakdown to smaller pieces without changing chemical composition

A

Physical/Mechanical weathering

36
Q

2 Examples of physical/mechanical weathering

A

Plant roots cracking a rock
Waves eroding sand from a beach
Glaciers creating grooves

37
Q

Changing or removing one or more elements from a work

A

Chemical Weathering

38
Q

2 examples of chemical weathering.

A

Acid Rain leaching minerals
Greening of Bronze (Statue of Liberty)
Water leaching minerals from rocks (sinkholes)

39
Q

What affects the rate of weathering?

A

Temperature
Wet Climates
Rock Types
Surface area
Vegetation
No Slope

40
Q

Difference between weathering, erosion & deposition

A

Weathering - breaking into smaller pieces

Erosion - movement of smaller pieces

Deposition - collection/layering of those pieces

41
Q

How does sediment sorting happen?

A

Energy moves pieces (bigger pieces need more energy)
Less energy to move smaller pieces, bigger ones left behind

42
Q

How does water change landforms? Example..

A

Smooths jagged edges
Sediment Sorting

Moves more & bigger sediment than wind

Example: loss of sand on beaches, longshore drift

43
Q

How does wind change landforms? Examples.

A

Smoothes jagged edges

Moves small sediment only

Example: shapes & moves sand dunes, carves rocks (arches)

44
Q

What is mass wasting? Examples.

A

Downhill movement of large rocks by gravity

Examples: mudslides, rockslides

45
Q

What affects the rate of mass wasting?

A

Steepness of slope
Vegetation
Type of Rock
Moisture
Tectonic Activity

46
Q

Supercontinent existed 200-250 MYA - all continents once connected before drifting

A

Pangaea

47
Q

Idea that continents constantly moving

A

Continental Drift

48
Q

Evidence supporting Continental Drift?

A

Climate Clues (glacial grooves)

Fossil Clues

Rock Clues (same type/age in SA & Africa)

Continents appear to fit together like a puzzle

49
Q

Theory that states Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other

A

Plate Tectonics

50
Q

What is evidence that supports plate tectonics?

A

Seafloor spreading at mid-oceanic Ridges creating new oceanic crust

Magnetic banding pattern mirrored on each side of mid-oceanic ridge

GPS can measure the plate movement

51
Q

Mountain ranges formed by lava at divergent plate boundaries (plates separating, chain of volcanoes)

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge

52
Q

When N becomes S, S becomes N - magnetic field reverses direction

A

Magnetic reversal

53
Q

How do we know magnetic reversal happens?

A

Magnetic particles in lava create opposite magnetic banding pattern in new rock on ocean floor

54
Q

3 types of tectonic boundaries

A

Divergent - separate mid-ocean ridges/rifts

Convergent - mountains/ volcanoes coming together

Transform - sliding parallels

55
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Hot plastic mantel rises, cooler sinks.

Circular motion of plastic mantle due to temp/density differences

56
Q

3 forces that work to move plates:

A

Basal Drag
Ridge Push
Slab Pull

Midterm Study Guides (4 decks)

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