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CJ 401 > Midterm study guide > Flashcards

Midterm study guide Flashcards

1
Q

policy

A

utilized to facilitate and regulate action, guide the decision making process and provide direction as policy is implemented

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2
Q

policy development process

A

problem identification, policy demands, agenda formation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation

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3
Q

process evaluation

A

involves looking at the progression of the policy development experience

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4
Q

outcome evaluation

A

looks at the change that occur as a result of the policy

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5
Q

initiative

A

begins with a petition for a new law

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6
Q

liberals

A

tend to focus on the importance of due process, individual freedoms, and constitutional rights; equality in society and to solve problems; the government should help support tho indivs who may suffer from various disadvantages in society; rehabilitative focus

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7
Q

conservatives

A

lean towards less intervention by the government and focus on traditional values; view actions of criminals as part of a rational choice; law and order philosophy

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8
Q

SB 1070

A

In arizona, increased powers of local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration laws

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9
Q

crime control model

A

asserts that the most important function of the cj system is to suppress and control criminal behavior as a function of public order in society; conservative perspective; assembly line

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10
Q

due process model

A

believes that the protection of individual rights and freedoms is of the upmost importance; liberal perspective; resembles an obstacle course

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11
Q

Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA)

A

created to provide grants to law enforcement agencies to improve public safety

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12
Q

National Institute of Justice

A

created to advance scientific research, development and evaluation to private institutions engaged in research and demonstration projects that expand our knowledge of what works in preventing and controlling crime

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13
Q

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

A

created to provide federal monies to research cj issues and to provide more accurate info on the causes of crime and the effectiveness of various means of preventing crime

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14
Q

adolescent limited offenders

A

those who commit crime for a short period of time

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15
Q

life-course-persistent offenders

A

tho who start criminal careers early and continue to offed at a high rate for a long period of time

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16
Q

protective factors

A

traits that decrease the likelihood of delinquency

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17
Q

risk factors

A

traits that increase the risk of a person committing criminal acts; include biological, family and social factors

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18
Q

concentrated disadvantage

A

term used to describe ethnic minority communities that have high rates of poverty, unemployment and family disruption

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19
Q

collective efficacy

A

high residential stability combined with high connectivity between residents, and high levels of informal social control

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20
Q

neighborhoods with high collective efficacy have …. crime rates

A

low

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21
Q

universal prevention programs (primary)

A

target an entire population without discerning which indivs are at elevated risk; public service message or gen ed programs and seminars

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22
Q

selective (secondary) prevention programs

A

target those at elevated risk for anti-social behavior or delinquency; cost of programs vary dramatically

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23
Q

indicated (tertiary) prevention programs

A

targeted at those already engaged in repeated or serious delinquency; family therapy or treatment foster care

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24
Q

program fidelity

A

implementing the program the way that researchers intended for it to be implemented

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25
Q

dimensions of fidelity

A

delivery, dosage, setting, target population, materials, provider qualifications and provider training

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26
Q

problem locations

A

hot spots of criminal activity

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27
Q

random preventive patrol

A

cops will provide a sense of omnipresence in communities by driving by problem-prone locations and through high-risk areas in random fashion to deter crime

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28
Q

index crimes

A

high profile murders, commercial robberies or a string of auto thefts that are focused on in the media

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29
Q

hot spots policing

A

patrol tactics directed and specific problem locations identified by crime analysis and computer mapping

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30
Q

problem-oriented policing

A

suggests that officer presence alone may not resolve issues found at hot spots, so it requires a detailed analysis to understand the source of problems at a given location

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31
Q

situational crime prevention

A

refers to a branch of criminology that seeks to deter crime problems by altering the criminal opportunity structure

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32
Q

pulling levers

A

deterrence strategy focused on identifying high-risk, chronic offenders and preventing their future criminal activity

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33
Q

order maintenance policing

A

police tactic that focuses on managing minor offenses and community disorders; broken windows hypothesis

34
Q

broken window hypothesis

A

minor offenses, if left unmanaged, can potentially send signals indicating that community controls are compromised in that neighborhood

35
Q

crime displacement

A

occurs when offenders react to police tactics by altering their behavior so as to circumvent police activities

36
Q

zero tolerance

A

emphasizes the use of formal enforcement while minimizing officer discretion

37
Q

DHS’s five homeland security mission areas

A 
preventing terrorism and enhancing security
secure and manage borders
enforce and administer immigration laws
safeguard and secure cyberspace
ensure resilience to natural disasters
38
Q

USA Patriot Act 2001

A

passed in response to 9/11 attacks to strengthen US’s ability to combat terrorism and other threats like international organized crime

extension of surveillance to US citizens
new powers to control money laundering
funding and enhanced border security

39
Q

weapons of mass destruction

A

biological, chemical and radiological or nuclear weapons

40
Q

biological weapons

A

bacteria, viruses and biological toxins

41
Q

chemical weapons

A

consist of a number of toxic chemicals that may be released on a large number of ppl; various blood agents, choking agents and nerve agents could be used

42
Q

radiological weapons

A

the use of nuclear or radiological materials by terrorists; minimum risk probability

43
Q

critical infrastructure assets

A

systems and assets so important to the US that the destruction or incapacity of them would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health and safety

44
Q

human assets

A

large congregations of people and dense population centers like shopping malls

45
Q

cyber assets

A

refers to the hardware, software, internet and other platforms that facilitate cyber communications

46
Q

transportation security administration

A

the agency under DHS that is responsible for safeguarding america’s transportation system
screen passengers for weapons and contraband
check luggage and packages shipped used commercial aircraft

47
Q

US coast guard

A

primary maritime law enforcement agency; enforcing immigration laws at sea; drug and contraband interdiction

48
Q

customs and border protection agency

A

responsibility of securing borders and port of entry

screen people and goods entering the US

49
Q

immigration and customs enforcement agency

A

responsible for immigration enforcement in the interior of the US

50
Q

US Secret Service

A

responsible for investigating financial fraud in the US

other primary responsibility is executive protection

51
Q

identity theft

A

to obtain false identities to avoid travel watch lists, obscure locations and gain unauthorized access to other countries

52
Q

identity fraud

A

a false identity has been assumed, typically to fraudulently obtain money, access resources or obtain credit and other benefits

53
Q

cybersecurity

A

US gov’t systems merged into one with limited secure access (centralizes federal gov’t efforts to secure its cybersystems)

54
Q

how do terrorists get funding

A

drug/cigarette trafficking; robbery, extortion and kidnapping; donations to charities; legit businesses

55
Q

federal emergency management agency

A

primary federal disaster response agency; involves comprehensive planing

56
Q

national incident management system

A

provides info on the structure of responding to an incident; standardizes responses so when an agency becomes involved, its personnel follow a standard routine

57
Q

fusion centers

A

serve as focal points within the state and local environment for the receipt, analysis, gathering and sharing of related info between the federal gov’t and local, state, tribal, territorial, and private sector partners

58
Q

domestic violence

A

pattern of behaviors in which one person attempts to gain power and control over another

battery, sexual assault, stalking, kidnapping or unlawful imprisonment

59
Q

intimate partner violence

A

violence that occurs between current or former dating, cohabiting, and married partners

60
Q

mandatory arrest

A

requires cops to make an arrest if there is evidence that an act of dv has taken place or there is an imminent threat of physical or sexual harm

61
Q

pro-arrest laws

A

do not require cops to make an arrest, but explicity state that an arrest is the preferred outcome

62
Q

discretionary arrest

A

allow officers to make an arrest if there is probable cause that an act of dv has occurred, but does not mandate an arrest

63
Q

Commonwealth v McAfee

A

court ruled that beating a wife with an open hand is illegal

64
Q

State v Rhodes

A

court decided that defendant should not be punished and enforcement should not interfere in domestic relationships

65
Q

Minneapolis DV Experiment

A

compared different approaches to DV and found that an arrest decreases recidivism

66
Q

Violence Against Women Act

A

allocated federal funds to state, local and tribal gov’t to develop and strengthen cj interventions intended to stop violence against women

67
Q

victim defendants

A

victims who are mistakenly identified by police as the abuser and arrested for DV

68
Q

dual arrests

A

when both partners have committed acts of violence against one another, both are identified as perpetrators and arrested

69
Q

mandatory action policy

A

requires officers to take action in cases of IPV; can be an arrest, or giving victims info about help centers and resources, transporting victims to shelters or treatment facilities

70
Q

deterrence theory

A
  • humans are free-willed, rational beings who want to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
  • utilitarianism (greatest good for greatest number)
  • civil rights and due process of law
  • rules of evidence and testimony
  • determinate sentencing
  • deterrence (specific and general)\
  • punishments swift, certain and severe
  • only amount of punishment necessary to offset the gains of harmful behavior is justified
71
Q

empirical

A

relevant and up to date information

72
Q

propaganda

A

presented to influence the reader and convince them of their point of view

73
Q

causation v correlation

A

is one thing caused by another or is it simply a correlation?

74
Q

distorted information

A

quoting research and stats that only support their viewpoints; not including all information used in research/stats

75
Q

analogies

A

comparing things to other things that have nothing to do with the issue at hand

76
Q

faulty generalization

A

judgement based on inaccurate or incomplete info

77
Q

appeals to fear

A

using emotion-evoking language to instill envy or fear into people

78
Q

appeals to hatred

A

loaded language to promote and exploit hatred for certain groups of ppl

79
Q

appeals to pride

A

plays on characteristics that separate sinner from grace

80
Q

pseudo solutions

A

solutions that are not real solutions

81
Q

presuppositions

A

controversies that rest on the incorrect assumption that fundamental sources of knowledge that we depend on are functioning well

CJ 401 (1 decks)

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