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Marine Biology > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

How many ocean basins?

A 
5
Atlantic 
Indian
Pacific
Arctic
Southern
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2
Q

Which ocean basin is largest and smallest?

A

Pacific is largest

Arctic is smallest

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3
Q

How much is the earth covered by water

A

70%-71%

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4
Q

What are the layers of the earth

A

Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust

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5
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The movement of plates on the earths crust

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6
Q

Continental drift

A

Movement of continental plates

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7
Q

Forces that drive continental movement

A

Magma moved b convection currents

Mid ocean ridges that form along cracks where magma breaks through

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8
Q

What are continental plates made of?

A

Granite

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9
Q

What are oceanic plates made of

A

Basalt

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10
Q

Ocean ridges

A

Where new sea floor is produced

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11
Q

Ocean trenches

A

Where old sea floor is removed

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12
Q

Plate tectonic implications

A

Pacific Ocean getting smaller

Atlantic is getting bigger

My. Everest is moving north

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13
Q

Pangaea

A

A super continent that separated due to plate movement

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14
Q

Laurasia

A

Northern Pangaea

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15
Q

Gondwana

A

Southern Pangaea

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16
Q

Evidence for continental drift

A

Fit of continental boundaries &a fossils

Earthquakes

Sea floor temperature highest near ridges

Age of crust (determined by ocean bottom drill samples) increases with distance from ridge

Magnetic orientation of the rock

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17
Q

Subduction zone

A

Old crust sinks into mantle where it is recycled

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18
Q

What is the ring of fire

A

A string of underwater volcanoes and earthquakes around the edges of the Pacific Ocean

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19
Q

What plates are important to us

A

North American plate

Pacific plate

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20
Q

January 1700 Japan tsunami evidence

A

Tree rings and salt water killing those trees

Historicle records in Japan

Creature fossils

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21
Q

Continental shelf

A

Part of continental land mass but still under water

Very diverse biologically, important for fisheries

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22
Q

Continental slope

A

3,000 to 5,0000 meter slope between continental land mass and deep ocean basins

23
Q

Continental rise

A

Point where sediment from continent accumulates

24
Q

Abyssal plains

A

Flat sediment covered areas

25
Q

Oceanic ridge/rise

A

Rift sea floor spreading (molten material rises)

26
Q

Trenches

A

Depths more than 6,000 meters

Mariana Trench is 11,033 meters deep

27
Q

Island

A

Volcanic mountains that rise above the water

28
Q

Sea mounts

A

Volcanic mountain still under water

29
Q

Guyots

A

Flat topped seamounts

30
Q

Seas

A

Smaller that oceans and partially enclosed by land

31
Q

Rift community

Or deep sea vent community

A

They live off specialized environments found at divergence zones of the Ocean floor

Primary producers are chemosynthetic bacteria

32
Q

How does ocean affect the weather

A

Absorbs much of the solar radiation that reaches earth

It dominates the earth’s carbon cycle. Half of carbon productivity on earth happens in the sunlit layers of the ocean

It absorbs roughly half of all the carbon dioxide added to atmosphere

Changes in circulation patterns have had large changes on climate in the last 50,000 years

33
Q

Basic water chemistry

A

Polar molecule made of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen molecule with polar covalent bond

Electrons shared unequally so oxygen has small partial negative charge while the two hydrogens have small positive charge

Weak hydrogen bonds will form between water molecules which is responsible for the properties of water

34
Q

What are the important properties of water

A

Water sticks together (adhesion/ cohesion)

Water helps moderate temperature change

Water floats as a solid aka ice

Water is a good solvent

35
Q

What dissolves in water

A 
Chloride           Sodium
Sulfate              Magnesium 
Calcium            Potassium
Bicarbonate     Bromide
Borate              Strontium
Fluoride
36
Q

How is salinity measured

A

parts per thousand (ppt)

37
Q

Pycnocline

A

The change in density with depth

38
Q

Thermocline

A

The change in temperature with depth

39
Q

Halocline

A

The change in salinity with depth

40
Q

What creates surface currents and upwelling

A

Winds

41
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The rotation of the earth causes storms in the north to swirl counterclockwise and southern storms clockwise.

Circulates air to right in north
Circulates air to left in south

42
Q

Thermohaline circulation

A

Deep ocean currents created by surface heat and freshwater

43
Q

What creates tides

A

The gravitational pull of the sun and moon combined with earths rotation

44
Q

Neap tide

A

sun and moon at right angles (quarter phase moon) to create moderate tides

45
Q

Spring tides

A

Sun and moon and earth aligned to create very high, high tides and very low, low tides.

46
Q

Diurnal tide

A

Only experience one high and one low tide a day (least likely tide)

47
Q

Semidiurnal tide

A

The two high and low tides are equal height with each other

48
Q

Mixed semidiurnal tide

A

Two highs and two lows that differ in height. This is us!

49
Q

Why does times of tides shift

A

The lunar day is 24 hours and 50 minutes

50
Q

Ekman spiral

A

The deeper the water the slower it rotates

51
Q

Benthic region

A

Bottom including the…
bathyal-200-4000m
abyssal-4,000-6,000m
hadale-below 6,000m

52
Q

Phylogeny

A

Organisms ancestral history. Reconstruct species history with fossils, comparative anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, genomes, and biogeography

53
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classified based on interrelationships

Branching diagrams representing hypotheses of evolution. Scientist change classification when new information is learned

54
Q

Some body characteristics to group animals

A

Radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry
(Sea anemones or lobsters)

Acoelomate- no body cavity
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate- true body cavity

Marine Biology (1 decks)

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