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Linguistics 70 > Midterm study guide > Flashcards

Midterm study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Folk Linguistic views

A

Some languages are superior to others, varieties of language are superior to others

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2
Q

Folk Linguistic belief

A

Proper grammar provides more clarity, assumption that other varieties are lacking order or regularity – stereotypes

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3
Q

Variation

A

is intristic to spoken language on every level, phonology (sounds), Lexicon (words), Morphology , syntax (grammar) etc
ex ) fond = foolish , nice = ignorant
variation = progress

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4
Q

Consequences of Variation

A

social meaning, social identity, does not mean a casual relationship, inaccurate observations, allow someone to make a particular claim, these influences are influenced by stereotypes, attitudes or beliefs

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5
Q

Stereotypes

A

Generalization to which one assigns a trait to someone, categorical, general statement

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6
Q

empirical

A

based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic, bad claims

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7
Q

empirical observations

A

accent

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8
Q

Observation

A

a claim about some aspect of language

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9
Q

Attribution

A

attempt to explain a given observation

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10
Q

Folk linguistics

A

stereo types, fails to recognize other types of variation

ex) members of this group___ do this ____

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11
Q

Folk Linguistic consequences

A

misrepresentation of language usage, stereotypes, word rage, and linguisitic shaming

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12
Q

Language Standarization

A

an attempt to stop language change aka controlling variation

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13
Q

Whats wrong with english

A

1) it doesn’t differentiate like romance languages do 2) no impersonal 3rd person singular pronoun ex) a person can’t help THEIR birth

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14
Q

Syntax

A

a way a word is put together

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15
Q

Nasal airflow

A

everyone has it, some more than others

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16
Q

nasality

A

different varieties of language have different forms of nasality

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17
Q

Why are we here

A

examine ; what people believe about language because it varies, why they do so, the possible consequences, use empirical analysis to reduce negative consequences

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18
Q

Studying language

A

produce technical precise way of observing and describing data

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19
Q

facts of life by lippi green

A

all spoken languages change over time, all languages are equal in linguistic terms

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20
Q

possible folk linguistic views

A

language change is bad, language change means loss of expressibility

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21
Q

folk belief

A

dynamic process, nonspecialists to provide an account of the environment

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22
Q

Abstraction

A

a group of error free nonlinguistic speakers

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23
Q

availability

A

some matters can be discussed

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24
Q

unavailability

A

=folk will not comment on such topics

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25
Q

accuracy

A

detail- global - sound is limited and detail is not, specific - detailed drops g’s

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26
Q

equal

A

equally capable of expressing any thought, no thought that a language can’t express

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27
Q

Folk linguistic belief

A

proper grammar provides more clarity and predicated or assumption that other varieties are lacking order or regularity

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28
Q

lexical variation

A

discourse marking like

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29
Q

folk linguistic view

A

some varieties of language are unaccented, accent is chosen and easy to change

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30
Q

highlighting

A

aka foregrounding / generalization over emphasizes or over perceives a difference in the observed group/. ridcule and shame

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31
Q

erasure

A

aka backgrounding / generalization under emphasizes , variation within the observed group, properties shared between groups.

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32
Q

stereotyping

A

denies that there is variation

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33
Q

standard variety , SE

A

standardization consists of the imposition of uniformity upon a class of objects

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34
Q

folk linguistics observation on SE

A

answers differ

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35
Q

internal

A

proper correct preset, best grammar

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36
Q

external

A

educated, reference point, even for neutral linguists, an idealization or abstraction

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37
Q

correctness

A

standard is correct, other forms are not

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38
Q

standardization

A

the one with the best grammar

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39
Q

beliefs about standards

A

common sense suffixes, based on logic, somehow designed , those who trust nonstandard are not to be trusted, definable in external terms only, highlight privilege

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40
Q

ideology of standard

A

belief in controlability, tolerance of nonstandard

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41
Q

prescriptivism

A

imposition of a particular set of rules for grammar and word usage for the purpose of idealized standard // rules of language that are learned by all users without explicit instruction// rules of language that are set and imposed by a select group of language arbiters

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42
Q

ebonics

A

observations- nonstandard form of english, attributions- racially motivated targeting black people

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43
Q

consequences of prescriptivism

A

confidence booster, marker of privilege

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44
Q

regional variation

A

stereotypes, the south

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45
Q

folk linguistics on regional variation

A

items for folk linguistics analysis can be measured by availability - can speakers detect item, accuracy- observation matches item, and detail - how precise can they be in describing it

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46
Q

folk linguistics awareness in regional variation

A

some items are more obvious ( salient) than others ex) pop/soda, includes claims about presence , extent, origins of a feature, these influences are influenced by stereotypes, attitudes and beliefs

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47
Q

linguists on dialect

A

any variety of a language ex) regionalism= geographic variety/ accent = sound system of a dialect

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48
Q

isogloss

A

geographic boundary that distinguishes word usage

49
Q

drawl

A

to prolong the sounds of speech / to speak slowly

50
Q

twang

A

differing from usual, regarded as standard

51
Q

qualitative labels

A

twang flat drawl slow

52
Q

folk observation on accent ex)

A

Californians say dude / salient features

53
Q

chain shift

A

a series of related innovations in vowel incidence like a chain reaction

54
Q

Californian shift

A

musical chairs, vowels come and go

55
Q

shibboleth

A

a custom, principle, or belief distinguishing a particular class or group of people, especially a long-standing one regarded as outmoded or no longer important

56
Q

stereotypes chain shift

A

highlights trait as shibboleth, possibly inaccurate/ exaggerated, assumes all members have that trait,

57
Q

southern chain shift step one

A

step 1 ; glide deletion ex= high = ha / rise = raz/ wide = waid, price= prais

58
Q

southern chain shift step two

A

step2 ; trap rises and breaks

59
Q

southern chain shift step three

A

step3; reversal of dress - face / dress rises and breaks / ex- set = say it , face lowers and maintains diphthong ex- face= fais

60
Q

southern chain shift step four

A

step4; reversal of kit - fleece, kit rises and breaks, ex- sit = seeit/ seat =siit / mouth advances ex - loud=lawd , brown-brawn

61
Q

folk ling on speech rate (south)

A

assume that southerners talk slow = falsation, can be measure by the syllables , and how the length of segments differ in average

62
Q

style - formal

A

matches standard, high status

63
Q

style- informal

A

casual slang

64
Q

folk ling on style

A

users of formal speech are believed to be upwardly mobile, and snobbish/

65
Q

cluster reduction

A

removal of one consonant from a sequence

66
Q

properties of slang

A

new meaning for existing words,

67
Q

indexical

A

additional layer not social meaning carried by some linguistic structure / usage by youth

68
Q

AAE

A

african american english / diffusion to majority / appropriation of lexical usage - music skater surfing subcultures

69
Q

Properties of slang

A

can become absolute, can become mainstream, can go back and forth in trendies, obscured sources

70
Q

slang

A

you can be informal without using slang

71
Q

informal examples

A

f word not slang if referring to sex, slang if referring to something else

72
Q

final consonant deletion

A

ex) you is , I is

73
Q

north v south stereotypes

A

style and regionalism and gender

74
Q

folk linguistics and california

A

California stereotypes - conflation of slang, accent and lifestyle, valley girl, surfer dude

75
Q

linguistics features in cali

A

hella aka hell of a / not millennial

76
Q

accent in CA

A

low back identity - cot = thought / goose fronting = diphthong

77
Q

cali shift

A

affects short front vowels

78
Q

variable

A

goat fronting ex) totally

79
Q

inland

A

less shift ex) pin/pen

80
Q

cali summary

A

cali stereotypes/ style formality , age regionalism.

81
Q

folk ling in cali

A

highlighting erasure, keys in on word usage, men vs women

82
Q

Gender and language

A

empirical perspectives, conundrum, folk ling perspectives

83
Q

Assertiveness training

A

coaching woman to change speech to be professional

84
Q

chain of assumptions

A

1) women’s speech indirect polite weak, homogeneity among women, extent if difference from men 2) directness - implies tentativeness hesitant and non assertive, 3) claimed solution is to alter speech

85
Q

verbal hygiene

A

the assumption within an ideology that considers verbal hygiene to be the appropriate way ti address personal issues of gender lang behavior

86
Q

reality v stereotypes - ling stereotypes

A

politeness, indirectness in style, word count

87
Q

reality

A

gradient effects, indirect structures have multiple functions , indirect in style

88
Q

hedges

A

” sort of ““kind of”” it seems like”

89
Q

qualifiers

A

“i think that”, t”his might be a silly question but “

90
Q

uptalk

A

pitch rises towards end of the sentence

91
Q

rise tones

A

can be used to assert dominance and control

92
Q

cheng and warren 2005 study

A

studying business, meeting rise tones

93
Q

Ritchart& arvaniti 2013 study

A

more during map task than recounting a sitcom episode, 45 % of floor holding & 16% of simple statements ended in uptalk

94
Q

gender difference- folk ling perspective

A

there are categorical differences between men and woman speech, men are direct and woman are indirect

95
Q

Reality - Gradient effects on gender

A

some woman are not indirect / men can be indirect

96
Q

like -discourse

A

non-contrastive, focus- marks new info, grammatically constrained ex) like omg

97
Q

like- qualive

A

ex) he said like , what am I doing here ?

98
Q

sociology of like

A
  • varying accounts of gender distribution
  • varying folk perceptions
  • once thought of as a hedge/ indicator of uncertainty
99
Q

corpus

A
  • both functions more frequent for younger speakers
  • slight but insignificant
  • quotative = more for the internal thoughts than for quoted speech
100
Q

attitude data survey

A
  • believed used more by younger speakers
  • believed to be more female
  • believed to sound uneducated and lazy
101
Q

matched guise

A
  • listeners hear same passages with and without like
  • answer survey q’s
  • presence of like pulled down the perceived age of older speakers
102
Q

History of like

A

verb- to be pleased
adj- same qualities as another person or thing
indexicality of informality

103
Q

Discourse like

A

developed from adj. not clear when
highlighting things that follow
can be used metaphorically

104
Q

Quoatative like

A

directly from adj or from discourse like

105
Q

Dude -linguistics behavior

A

indexicality = chillness ex) people who get high

106
Q

Dude

A

typically thought of as being masculine
Face saving
manages conflicts in a chill way

107
Q

face saving

A

preserving one’s reputation, credibility, or dignity

108
Q

folk linguistic beliefs/ observations (dude)

A

dude replaces speech mostly male, surfer stoner young

its multifunctional

109
Q

Empirical Observations on dude

A

dude plays an additional role in discourse - enhances speech, users are more various

110
Q

functions of dude

A

can be used to say hi, listen or come here, you blew it, are you in the closer with a knife (examples from rob Schnyder video)
(lexical meaning)term of reference, exclamation, disclosure marker

111
Q

Reference of dude

A

refers to 3rd person, addressed to refer to interlocutor / listener/ addressee

112
Q

Dude as agreement

A

including commiseration - ex) that sucks dude

113
Q

Dude as confrontational

A

stance mitigation ex) dude where are you at ?

114
Q

Stance mitigation

A

face saving

115
Q

Indexation

A

association between a linguistic structure and membership in some social groups / can be subconscious

116
Q

Discourse features on dude

A

affiliation and connection with cool solidarity

117
Q

history of dude

A

developed over a century ago/ yankee doodle dandy

118
Q

standard ideology of dude

A

meaningless and illustrate the deterioration of speech

Linguistics 70 (1 decks)

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