Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
What is Human Development?
The scientific study of how humans change over time
This includes physical, cognitive, and social-emotional changes.
What does the Multidisciplinary Nature of development refer to?
Development draws from many fields (psychology, sociology, biology, etc.)
This highlights the complex interactions in human development.
What are the Developmental Forces?
Biology, psychology, sociocultural context, and timing all interact in development.
What is the difference between Continuity and Discontinuity in development?
Continuity refers to smooth, continuous changes; Discontinuity refers to discrete stages.
What is the focus of Psychodynamic Theory according to Freud?
Focus on unconscious drives and conflicts.
What is the focus of Psychosocial Theory by Erikson?
Stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.
What does Social Learning Theory by Bandura emphasize?
Learning occurs through observation and modeling.
What is the central idea of Cognitive-Developmental Theory by Piaget?
Children construct knowledge that changes with experience.
Who is Erik Erikson?
Theorist known for the Psychosocial theory with 8 stages of development across the lifespan.
What are Albert Bandura and his developmental theories known for?
Known for Social Learning Theory and the concept of modeling.
What does Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory examine?
Multiple levels of influence on development.
What are the stages of Prenatal Development?
Zygote, Embryo, Fetus.
Remember “ZEF”
What does the Ectoderm develop into?
Skin, sensory organs, nervous system.
What is the Mesoderm responsible for developing?
Muscles, bones, circulatory system.
What does the Endoderm develop into?
Digestive and respiratory systems.
What is the Cephalocaudal principle of development?
Head-to-toe development.
Cephalocaudal -> cephalo (meaning head) and caudal (from the top or end)
What does Proximo-distal development refer to?
Center-to-extremities development.
More accurately “origin,” to “ends, or terminating points”
What are Teratogens?
Agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.
What is Amniocentesis?
Tests fluid surrounding the fetus. Invasive and potentially fatal to the fetus in the event of unintentional PPROM.
PPROM - preterm premature rupture of membranes
What is the Apgar Scale used for?
Measures newborn health (skin tone, breathing, muscle tone, etc.).
How many hours do newborns typically sleep daily?
16-18 hours.
What dimensions are included in Temperament?
Activity level, negative affect, effortful control, surgency.
What is significant about Physical Development in infancy?
Growth rate is most rapid in early infancy.
What is meant by experience-dependent and experience-expectant growth?
Brain development influenced by specific experiences and universal experiences.
What benefits are associated with breastfeeding?
Provides essential nutrients and supports infant health. Particularly important for immunity in infants.
Biology Bonus: Breast milk is a unique apocrine secretion that preserves and maintains large numbers of whole IgA antibodies for delivery directly to an infant.
What are the milestones of Motor Development?
Rolling, sitting, crawling (creeping), walking.
What is the progression of Grasping in infants?
From finger-only to finger-thumb coordination.
What influences Handedness? As in left or right.
Both biology and sociocultural factors.
What are False-Belief Studies used to assess?
Understanding others’ thoughts around age four.
What are Schemes in Piaget’s Theory?
Mental frameworks that become more abstract with age.
What does Equilibration refer to in cognitive development?
Balance between assimilation and accommodation.
What is the significance of Developmental Stages in Piaget’s Theory?
Must be accomplished in correct order.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning based on consequences.
What is Imitation in the context of learning?
Copying observed behaviors.
What types of memory are involved in Memory Development?
Including autobiographical memory.
What is Guided Participation in Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
Cognitive growth through interaction with skilled individuals.
What is Scaffolding in the context of learning?
Support adjusted to learner’s needs.
What does Private Speech refer to?
Internal mental dialogue that helps regulate behavior.
What is Infant-Directed Speech?
Special tone/rhythm that attracts infant attention.
What are the three Grammar Acquisition Theories?
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Social-interaction approaches.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages?
Developing basic trust through consistent caregiving (0-1 year).
What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages?
Developing independence (1-3 years).
What is Initiative vs. Guilt in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages?
Developing purpose and direction (3-6 years).
What is the importance of Internal Working Models?
Mental representations of relationships critical for trust development.
What is Social Referencing?
Using others’ emotions as cues.
What does Play Development refer to?
Parental coaching influences (bad coaching worse than none).
What is Gender Schema Theory?
Children actively seek gender cues to organize their behavior.
What is Socialization?
Process of learning cultural values, behaviors, and roles.
What are the four Parenting Styles?
- Authoritarian: High control, low warmth
- Authoritative: High control, high warmth
- Permissive: Low control, high warmth
- Uninvolved: Low control, low warmth.
What is the Negative Reinforcement Trap in parenting?
Giving in to negative behaviors reinforces them.
What is Time-Out in the context of discipline?
Effective discipline that avoids many punishment pitfalls.
What are Bidirectional Influences in parenting?
Child temperament can shape parenting styles.
