Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
List the 8 characteristics of life
A
Order, Maintain homeostasis, reproduce, grow & develop, utilize energy, revolutionary adaptation, response to environment, genetic material
2
Q
List the levels of organization from organism -> biosphere
A
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biome
- Biosphere
3
Q
Covalent bond
A
forms when nonmetallic atoms share electrons
4
Q
Ionic bond
A
occurs when electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal
5
Q
Polar bond
A
covalent bond where electron negativities are high
6
Q
Nonpolar bond
A
covalent bond where electronegativities are low
7
Q
hydrogen bond
A
polar water molecules are attracted to another
8
Q
cohesion
A
the attraction between molecules of the same substance
9
Q
adhesion
A
the attraction between 2 different molecules
10
Q
high specific heat
A
helps regulate temp
11
Q
polarity
A
separation of electric charge
12
Q
universal solvent
A
dissolves more substances than any liquid
13
Q
heat of vaporization
A
the energy required to transform a substance to liquid/gas
14
Q
surface tension
A
property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
15
Q
density
A
the ratio of the mass and volume of an object
16
Q
Acidic pH
A
0-6 on a scale, more H+ and less OH-
17
Q
Neutral pH
A
7 on scale, H+=OH-
18
Q
Basic (alkaline)
A
8-14 on scale, more OH- and less H+
19
Q
Buffers
A
a solution which resists changes in pH when a small amount of a strong acid or a strong base is added to it
20
Q
Carbs (Carbohydrates)
A
CHO (1:2:1), Monomer: Monosaccharide, Polymer: Polysaccharide, Function: Quick Energy
21
Q
Lipids
A
CHO (no ration), Monomer: fatty acid, Polymer: triglyceride, Function: long energy storage
22
Q
Proteins
A
CHON (sometimes S), Monomer: Amino Acid, Polymer: Polypeptide, Function: Enzyme transport support
23
Q
Nucleic Acids
A
CHONP, Monomer: Nucleotide, Polymer: Polynucleotide, Function: genetic info
24
Q
Hydrolysis
A
breaks polymers into monomers
25
dehydration
builds polymer by linking monomers
26
anabolic
small molecules are assembled into larger ones (energy is required)
27
catabolic
large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (energy is released)
28
enzyme
control the rate of biochemical reactions, you can mess these up by increasing energy, stopping them from working
29
competitive inhibition
substrate binding is locked and competes with the substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme
30
non-competitive inhibition
the substrate can bind but the reaction is blocked and binds at a site distinct from the active site
31
Eukaryotic cells
has a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, mitosis, uni/multi-cellular, chitin/cellulose walls in plant/fungi cells, found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists
32
Prokaryotic cells
no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, binary fission, unicellular, peptidoglycan walls, found in bacteria cells
33
Plant cells
Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles (differences from animal)
34
Animal cells
centrioles, and centrosomes, small vacuoles, cilia or flagella (differences from plant)
35
Hypertonic
cell shrivels, plasmolysis occurs
36
Isotonic
the cell is the same, maintains turgidity
37
Hypotonic
cell inflates/swells, cell becomes flaccid
38
how proteins are made
1. DNA leaves nucleus
2. goes through Rough ER (1st protein struct)
3. Goes to golgy body (where it goes to 2nd, 3rd PF, and modification)
4. sent out of the cell
39
nucleus
contains genetic material, protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell
40
nucleolus
inside the nucleus, makes rRNA which makes up ribosomes
41
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
hugs the nucleus, makes proteins, and sends them to Golgi
42
Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
attached to the Rough ER, makes lipids (membrane)
43
lysosome
located in the cytoplasm, contains enzymes, breaks down dead stuff, apoptosis can occur
44
vacuole
located in the cytoplasm, small and numerous in animals and one large one in plants, storage of water, nutrients, etc.
45
nuclear membrane
layer on the nucleus separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
46
Golgi apparatus
folded membrane, processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed (gets vesicles of protein from ER)
47
Ribosome
located on Rough ER and cytoplasm, makes proteins in a process called translation
48
cytoplasm
holding organelles and preventing them from being damaged
49
mitochondria
located in the cytoplasm, cellular respiration occurs, ATP
50
chloroplast
only in plant cells, located in the cytoplasm, photosynthesis occurs
51
cytoskeleton
gives cell shape, moves organelles around, provides structural support for (commonly) animal cells
52
phospholipid
hydrophobic (dislikes water) fatty acid tails (2) and a hydrophilic (likes water) phosphate head (1)
53
simple diffusion
spreading out of molecules across a membrane until equilibrium is reached
54
facilitated diffusion
transport protein helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn't pass through the cell membrane
55
osmosis
the simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane
56
molecular pumps
when a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane against the [] gradient, through a protein channel
57
endocytosis
uses vesicles to move large particles into a cell
58
exocytosis
uses vesicles to move large particles out of a cell
59
Passive transport
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
60
Active transport
endocytosis, exocytosis, molecular pump
61
energy
the ability to do work
62
photosynthesis equation
6H₂O+6CO₂ -> C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂
63
cellular respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ -> 6H₂O+6CO₂+ATP
64
organisms that do photosynthesis
plants, algae, bacteria
65
organisms that do cellular respiration
plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria
66
chlorophyll
main photosynthetic pigments in plants
67
chloroplast
organ of the leaf that is responsible for completing photosynthesis
68
light-dependent reaction
input: H₂0 + Light
output: ATP, NADPH, O₂
69
Calvin cycle
inputs: CO₂
output: ADP, NADP+, sugars
70
glycolysis
input: glucose
output: 2 pyruvates, NADH, 2ATP
71
pyruvate oxidation
input: (one of the) pyruvate
output: 2CO₂, NADH, 2CoA-C-C
72
Krebs cycle
input: Acetyl CoA
output: 4CO₂, 6NADH, 2ATP, 2FADH₂
73
ETC (electron transport chain)
input: NADH, FADH₂
output: 34 ATP, H₂O
74
ATP synthase
helps assemble ATP
75
rubisco
catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ to ribulose diphosphate (Krebbs cycle)
76
Co-enzyme A
product of pyruvate oxidation goes to KC
77
ATP -> ADP
phosphate removed, exergonic
78
ADP -> ATP
endergonic, phosphate added
79
energy coupling
occurs when the energy produced by one reaction is used to drive another reaction
80
phosphorylation
attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or ion
81
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, AGTC, sugar: deoxyribose, contains genetic instructions
82
RNA
ribonucleic acid, AUGC, sugar: ribose, creates proteins via translation
83
DNA nitrogen bases
Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine (bonded by weak hydrogen bonds)
84
covalent bond
the bond that holds nucleotides together
85
helicase
unzips the DNA
86
SSBP
stabilizes unwound DNA
87
DNA polymerase III
DNA synthesis of leading strands and fragments by primers
88
RNA Primase
makes/synthesizes a primer to start replication
89
DNA Polymerase I
fills DNA gaps on lagging strand (w nitrogen bases)
90
ligase
"seals" gaps of DNA
91
leading strand
5' to 3', replicates continuously
92
lagging strand
3' to 5', replicates discontinuously
93
mitosis and interphase
2 parts of the cell cycle
94
G₁ phase
gap one phase, cell preparation
95
S phase
synthesis phase, DNA replicates
96
G₂ phase
gap two-phase, cell growth and preparation for mitosis
97
mitosis and cytokinesis
2 phases of cell division
98
cell plate/furrow
different between cytokinesis in plants and animals
99
to ensure 2 daughter cells inherit an identical complement of chromosomes
the overall goal of mitosis
100
stomatic cells
these specific cells do mitosis
101
prophase
stage of mitosis where the nucleus condenses and chromosomes become visible
102
metaphase
stage of mitosis where chromosomes are lined up and chromatids are attached to spindle fibers
103
anaphase
stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles
104
telophase
stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes
105
cytokinesis
stage of mitosis where the cells separate
106
role centrioles and spindle fibers
centrioles form the area where spindle fibers form from
107
binary fission
asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into 2
108
tumor
clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably
109
least invasive cancer
benign
110
most invasive cancer
malignant
111
when a cell doesnt meet its checkpoint
it doesn't move on to the next phase and apoptosis occurs
112
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
the amount of chromosomes in a human stomatic cell
113
PCR process
1. strands separate at 95C
2. primers bind template at 55C
3. synthesize new strand at 72C
114
PCR use
used to amplify DNA samples in order to have enough to study
115
gel electrophoresis process
1. DNA fragments are inserted into the gel wells and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel
2. to separate mix of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to size
3. shorter fragments travel further
116
DNA fingerprints uses examples
1. identifying bodies
2. identifying criminals
3. blood relative identification
117
process of somatic cell nuclear transfer
donor cell's nucleus gets taken out and put into an egg cell then into a surrogate
118
ethical concerns regarding cloning
complications, loss of life (100% to donor), rights
119
plasmids and recombinations
plasmids are used to make recombinant DNA, a plasmid taken from a bacterial cell is split, and a gene is inserted in that slit area
120
the function of restriction enzymes
recognize a specific sequence of nucleotides
121
use of restriction enzymes in biotech
used to cut into DNA
122
what is the difference between blunt and sticky ends
sticky ends
