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Biology Honors > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the 8 characteristics of life

A

Order, Maintain homeostasis, reproduce, grow & develop, utilize energy, revolutionary adaptation, response to environment, genetic material

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2
Q

List the levels of organization from organism -> biosphere

A
  1. Organism
  2. Population
  3. Community
  4. Ecosystem
  5. Biome
  6. Biosphere
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3
Q

Covalent bond

A

forms when nonmetallic atoms share electrons

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4
Q

Ionic bond

A

occurs when electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal

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5
Q

Polar bond

A

covalent bond where electron negativities are high

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6
Q

Nonpolar bond

A

covalent bond where electronegativities are low

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7
Q

hydrogen bond

A

polar water molecules are attracted to another

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8
Q

cohesion

A

the attraction between molecules of the same substance

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9
Q

adhesion

A

the attraction between 2 different molecules

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10
Q

high specific heat

A

helps regulate temp

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11
Q

polarity

A

separation of electric charge

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12
Q

universal solvent

A

dissolves more substances than any liquid

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13
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the energy required to transform a substance to liquid/gas

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14
Q

surface tension

A

property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

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15
Q

density

A

the ratio of the mass and volume of an object

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16
Q

Acidic pH

A

0-6 on a scale, more H+ and less OH-

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17
Q

Neutral pH

A

7 on scale, H+=OH-

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18
Q

Basic (alkaline)

A

8-14 on scale, more OH- and less H+

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19
Q

Buffers

A

a solution which resists changes in pH when a small amount of a strong acid or a strong base is added to it

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20
Q

Carbs (Carbohydrates)

A

CHO (1:2:1), Monomer: Monosaccharide, Polymer: Polysaccharide, Function: Quick Energy

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21
Q

Lipids

A

CHO (no ration), Monomer: fatty acid, Polymer: triglyceride, Function: long energy storage

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22
Q

Proteins

A

CHON (sometimes S), Monomer: Amino Acid, Polymer: Polypeptide, Function: Enzyme transport support

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23
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

CHONP, Monomer: Nucleotide, Polymer: Polynucleotide, Function: genetic info

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24
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaks polymers into monomers

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25
Q

dehydration

A

builds polymer by linking monomers

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26
Q

anabolic

A

small molecules are assembled into larger ones (energy is required)

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27
Q

catabolic

A

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (energy is released)

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28
Q

enzyme

A

control the rate of biochemical reactions, you can mess these up by increasing energy, stopping them from working

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29
Q

competitive inhibition

A

substrate binding is locked and competes with the substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme

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30
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

the substrate can bind but the reaction is blocked and binds at a site distinct from the active site

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31
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

has a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, mitosis, uni/multi-cellular, chitin/cellulose walls in plant/fungi cells, found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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32
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, binary fission, unicellular, peptidoglycan walls, found in bacteria cells

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33
Q

Plant cells

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles (differences from animal)

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34
Q

Animal cells

A

centrioles, and centrosomes, small vacuoles, cilia or flagella (differences from plant)

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35
Q

Hypertonic

A

cell shrivels, plasmolysis occurs

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36
Q

Isotonic

A

the cell is the same, maintains turgidity

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37
Q

Hypotonic

A

cell inflates/swells, cell becomes flaccid

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38
Q

how proteins are made

A
  1. DNA leaves nucleus
  2. goes through Rough ER (1st protein struct)
  3. Goes to golgy body (where it goes to 2nd, 3rd PF, and modification)
  4. sent out of the cell
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39
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material, protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell

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40
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, makes rRNA which makes up ribosomes

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41
Q

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

A

hugs the nucleus, makes proteins, and sends them to Golgi

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42
Q

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

A

attached to the Rough ER, makes lipids (membrane)

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43
Q

lysosome

A

located in the cytoplasm, contains enzymes, breaks down dead stuff, apoptosis can occur

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44
Q

vacuole

A

located in the cytoplasm, small and numerous in animals and one large one in plants, storage of water, nutrients, etc.

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45
Q

nuclear membrane

A

layer on the nucleus separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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46
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

folded membrane, processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed (gets vesicles of protein from ER)

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47
Q

Ribosome

A

located on Rough ER and cytoplasm, makes proteins in a process called translation

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48
Q

cytoplasm

A

holding organelles and preventing them from being damaged

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49
Q

mitochondria

A

located in the cytoplasm, cellular respiration occurs, ATP

50
Q

chloroplast

A

only in plant cells, located in the cytoplasm, photosynthesis occurs

51
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives cell shape, moves organelles around, provides structural support for (commonly) animal cells

52
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophobic (dislikes water) fatty acid tails (2) and a hydrophilic (likes water) phosphate head (1)

53
Q

simple diffusion

A

spreading out of molecules across a membrane until equilibrium is reached

54
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport protein helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the cell membrane

55
Q

osmosis

A

the simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane

56
Q

molecular pumps

A

when a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane against the [] gradient, through a protein channel

57
Q

endocytosis

A

uses vesicles to move large particles into a cell

58
Q

exocytosis

A

uses vesicles to move large particles out of a cell

59
Q

Passive transport

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

60
Q

Active transport

A

endocytosis, exocytosis, molecular pump

61
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

62
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6H₂O+6CO₂ -> C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂

63
Q

cellular respiration

A

C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ -> 6H₂O+6CO₂+ATP

64
Q

organisms that do photosynthesis

A

plants, algae, bacteria

65
Q

organisms that do cellular respiration

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria

66
Q

chlorophyll

A

main photosynthetic pigments in plants

67
Q

chloroplast

A

organ of the leaf that is responsible for completing photosynthesis

68
Q

light-dependent reaction

A

input: H₂0 + Light
output: ATP, NADPH, O₂

69
Q

Calvin cycle

A

inputs: CO₂
output: ADP, NADP+, sugars

70
Q

glycolysis

A

input: glucose
output: 2 pyruvates, NADH, 2ATP

71
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

input: (one of the) pyruvate
output: 2CO₂, NADH, 2CoA-C-C

72
Q

Krebs cycle

A

input: Acetyl CoA
output: 4CO₂, 6NADH, 2ATP, 2FADH₂

73
Q

ETC (electron transport chain)

A

input: NADH, FADH₂
output: 34 ATP, H₂O

74
Q

ATP synthase

A

helps assemble ATP

75
Q

rubisco

A

catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ to ribulose diphosphate (Krebbs cycle)

76
Q

Co-enzyme A

A

product of pyruvate oxidation goes to KC

77
Q

ATP -> ADP

A

phosphate removed, exergonic

78
Q

ADP -> ATP

A

endergonic, phosphate added

79
Q

energy coupling

A

occurs when the energy produced by one reaction is used to drive another reaction

80
Q

phosphorylation

A

attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or ion

81
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, AGTC, sugar: deoxyribose, contains genetic instructions

82
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, AUGC, sugar: ribose, creates proteins via translation

83
Q

DNA nitrogen bases

A

Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine (bonded by weak hydrogen bonds)

84
Q

covalent bond

A

the bond that holds nucleotides together

85
Q

helicase

A

unzips the DNA

86
Q

SSBP

A

stabilizes unwound DNA

87
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

DNA synthesis of leading strands and fragments by primers

88
Q

RNA Primase

A

makes/synthesizes a primer to start replication

89
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

fills DNA gaps on lagging strand (w nitrogen bases)

90
Q

ligase

A

“seals” gaps of DNA

91
Q

leading strand

A

5’ to 3’, replicates continuously

92
Q

lagging strand

A

3’ to 5’, replicates discontinuously

93
Q

mitosis and interphase

A

2 parts of the cell cycle

94
Q

G₁ phase

A

gap one phase, cell preparation

95
Q

S phase

A

synthesis phase, DNA replicates

96
Q

G₂ phase

A

gap two-phase, cell growth and preparation for mitosis

97
Q

mitosis and cytokinesis

A

2 phases of cell division

98
Q

cell plate/furrow

A

different between cytokinesis in plants and animals

99
Q

to ensure 2 daughter cells inherit an identical complement of chromosomes

A

the overall goal of mitosis

100
Q

stomatic cells

A

these specific cells do mitosis

101
Q

prophase

A

stage of mitosis where the nucleus condenses and chromosomes become visible

102
Q

metaphase

A

stage of mitosis where chromosomes are lined up and chromatids are attached to spindle fibers

103
Q

anaphase

A

stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles

104
Q

telophase

A

stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes

105
Q

cytokinesis

A

stage of mitosis where the cells separate

106
Q

role centrioles and spindle fibers

A

centrioles form the area where spindle fibers form from

107
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into 2

108
Q

tumor

A

clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably

109
Q

least invasive cancer

A

benign

110
Q

most invasive cancer

A

malignant

111
Q

when a cell doesnt meet its checkpoint

A

it doesn’t move on to the next phase and apoptosis occurs

112
Q

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

A

the amount of chromosomes in a human stomatic cell

113
Q

PCR process

A
  1. strands separate at 95C
  2. primers bind template at 55C
  3. synthesize new strand at 72C
114
Q

PCR use

A

used to amplify DNA samples in order to have enough to study

115
Q

gel electrophoresis process

A
  1. DNA fragments are inserted into the gel wells and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel
  2. to separate mix of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to size
  3. shorter fragments travel further
116
Q

DNA fingerprints uses examples

A
  1. identifying bodies
  2. identifying criminals
  3. blood relative identification
117
Q

process of somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

donor cell’s nucleus gets taken out and put into an egg cell then into a surrogate

118
Q

ethical concerns regarding cloning

A

complications, loss of life (100% to donor), rights

119
Q

plasmids and recombinations

A

plasmids are used to make recombinant DNA, a plasmid taken from a bacterial cell is split, and a gene is inserted in that slit area

120
Q

the function of restriction enzymes

A

recognize a specific sequence of nucleotides

121
Q

use of restriction enzymes in biotech

A

used to cut into DNA

122
Q

what is the difference between blunt and sticky ends

A

sticky ends

Biology Honors (1 decks)

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