midterm study guide Flashcards
Schramm’s Process Model of Communication
encoding (speaker), decoder (receiver), feedback, channels, interference
public speaking
speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner that is intended to inform, persuade, or entertain the listeners
ethical communication
fosters truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, and personal integrity and respect for self and others
transactional
back and forth negotiation of meaning
audience centeredness
planning your speech so that is relates to your audience
personification
attribution of human characteristics to non-living things
thesis
key concept of your speech (main idea)
internal summary
a transitional device that gives a thorough recap of the main point before moving on to another idea
informative speech
describes or defines a place, thing, concept, or idea
frame of reference
our personal set of interlocking facts, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes that we use to filter what we hear and then make sense of it, if we allow it to register in our brain
stimulus
incites your senses to their functional activity
persuasive speaking
call to action
impromptu speaking
speaking “off the cuff” casual and delivered with little or no time for preparation
extemporaneous speaking
prepared and practiced (most effective)
rhetorical question
a question the speaker does not expect the audience to answer
statistics
numerical way of organizing info or facts
parts of a speech
attention getter, thesis, preview points, etc.
why use support materials?
help clarify ideas, hold audience’s attention, and helps develop and illustrate ideas
organizational patterns
casual - relationship between cause and effect
chronological
organized based on time, sequence, or steps
problem-solution
establishes a problem or dilemma and then offers an answer/fix
topical
divides the thesis into subtopics or categories
spatial pattern
arranges information based on physical space, direction, or location
evaluating quality of info
relevant, current, representative, sufficient, and credible
major categories of support materials
examples, explanation, statistics, testimony, definition
types of speeches
informative, persuasive, commemorative, impromptu
active listening
where you “will yourself” to pay attention
listening process
sensing (receiving info through 5 senses), attending (focusing on stimuli), understanding (evaluation of what you choose to attend to), remembering (recalling by effort of memorization), responding (observable feedback)
demographic audience analysis
a technique used to draw inferences about your audience based on categories of info you have available. typical categories are age, gender, sex ethincity
expert testimony
is a quotation or paraphrase of a statement by and acknowledged authority in their field
jargon
technical language of a group of people
colloquialism
appropriate for everyday language but not for formal speaking or writing
antithesis
use of words or phrases that contradict one another
personification
attribution of human characteristics to nonliving objects
connotation
the emotional overtones that an individual associates with a word
common ground
when you identify with your audience by showing that you share experiences, beliefs, and or values that are similar to theirs
writing for the ear
use personal words, repetition and concrete words. AVOID long complex sentences
delivery
vehicle the speaker uses to transmit ideas to listeners (verbal and nonverbal)
paraphrasing
restatement, rewording or summary in your own words of what someone said
audience analysis
focus groups are a type
transactional
back and forth negation of meaning
community
common background with shared interest
