Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
What is competence?
ability; being ethically appropriate and effective; other-oriented; maintain own integrity while taking into account where your communication partner is
Unconscious incompetence
unaware of how “bad” you are
Conscious incompetence
aware of how “bad” you are
Conscious competence
aware of process of doing something well; “know you have to try”
Unconscious competence
good at something without putting thought into it
Communication
informational transaction with mutual influence; make sense of the world through verbal and nonverbal messages
Interpersonal vs. impersonal
interpersonal: builds relationships; impersonal: transactional
Intrapersonal vs. Interpersonal
intrapersonal: thoughts in head, inner voice; interpersonal: using voice, another person to interact with
Small group
3-15 people, “mob” mentality, group based theories
Public address
15+ people, classroom, live presentation/communication
Mass communication
replayed (news, articles, youtube), uncountable numbers
What is the importance of study?
communication is always present, influences our needs, helps to navigate issues (family, romance, friends, workplace)
Early model of communication
one way event: sender “does” communication to another person
Later model of communicaiton
tennis game: sender & receiver exchange messages and respond with verbal and nonverbal feedback
Linear model of communication
one-way communication; sender gives message and receiver absorbs it
Interactive communication
two-way communication; sending and receiving feedback
Transactional communication
simultaneous event
Principles of communication
connects us, irreversible, complicated, meta-communication, rule governed
What is EMC?
electronically mediated communication
Cues-Filtered-Out Theory
textual expressions is highly limited; less likely to manage relationships with EMC than FtF (face to face); emotions are not communicated as effectively due to nonverbals being “filtered out”
Media Richness Theory
amount of information in a channel is based on: possible feedback, cues we can convey, variety of language used, potential for expression
Social Information Processing Theory
can communicate the same messages and meaning via EMC; EMC takes longer
Defining rhetoric
understood as human symbolic use; meaning derived from symbols; “things” are not their symbols
Symbol vs. sign
symbol: chosen representations, referencing something tangible; sign: NOT conscious choices, physiological need; both can have meaning assigned to them
Corax
founder of rhetoric; created speech structure (introduction, argument, conclusion)
Tisias
student of Corax; introduced rhetoric to mainland Greece;
Ontology
the study of being/reality/existance
Axiology
the study of value
Epistemology
the study of knowledge
Sophist vs. Rhetorician
sophist: charged for their work of arguing; bad reputation
rhetorician: did not charge for their work; neutral reputation
Pre-rhetoricians
Corax: the founder; Socrates: teacher of Plato; Plato: philosopher who hated sophists
Rhetoricians
Aristotle: Plato’s student; defines rhetoric used today
Sophists
Tisias: first sophist; Gorgias: sophistic teacher of rhetoric
What is the trilema?
reality does not exist, IF reality existed we would not understand it, IF SOMEHOW we understood it, we could not communicate it
Canons of rhetoric
delivery; arrangement; invention; memorization; style
Ethos
ethics and character
Pathos
emotions and passion
Logos
logic and reason
Views are:
impartial; incomplete; unique
Demographics
outward visible features and characteristics
Gender
social characterizations of what makes us man or woman
Psychological
internal mental characteristics
Self
the sum of who a person is; their inner force
Self-concept
a subjective description; (innermost to outermost)
values—>beliefs—>attitudes—>needs
Attitude
learned predisposition; responding positively or not
Belief
how you understand reality; true and false
Value
enduring concepts of right and wrong
Needs
important deficiencies we are motivated to fulfill
Mindfulness
thinking consciously about what you are doing and experiencing
Subjective self-awareness
understanding that you are a unique person
Objective self-awareness
to be aware of one’s own state of mind
Symbolic self-awareness
unique human ability to think about oneself and use symbolic representation
Material self
physical things
Social self
interactions with others; changes based on roles
Spiritual self
the inward reflections of values, morals, and beliefs
How much of speeches should be intro and conclusion?
10% -15% each or 20% -30% total
Hearing vs. Listening
hearing: physiological process of sound waves hitting your ear drum and causing vibrations; listening: the process of making sense of another’s spoken message
Comprehensive listening
understanding and remembering important information
Empathetic listening
understanding the emotions and feelings of another
Appreciative listening
informed listening for interpretation
Critical listening
evaluative regarding validity and logic
Ethics
deal with what is “right” and what is “moral”
Utilitarianism
good is what is best for the largest population
Pragmatism
good depends on the outcome
Categorical imperative
good is what everyone else would do
Existentialism
good is free choice but we are responsible for our actions
Types of credibility
initial: beginning/before speech; derived: processed during speech; terminal: end of speech
Primary sources
original, unaltered, and direct from the author, rhetor, researcher, etc.
Secondary sources
a different party interprets and/or analyzes one (or several) primary sources
Steps of organization
grouping, labeling, ordering
Grouping
putting stuff into “piles”
Labeling
making known what those “piles” are
Ordering
putting the “piles” in places based on judgement
Organizational patterns
chronological, spatial, topical, cause & effect, problem-solution & problem-cause-solution
Chronological pattern
past, present, future
Spatial pattern
directional movement in space; some sort of “theme”
Topical pattern
arguably “every” pattern; used when nothing else quite fits
Cause & Effect pattern
cause: explains things that will directly turn into others; effect: explains the outcomes associated to an act, event, etc. cause & effect: explains something that triggers something else
Problem-Solution/Problem-Cause-Solution pattern
explains something is wrong and how to fix it; often used in persuasive speeches
Connecting statements (transitions)
used to bridge points
Types of connectors
summaries, previews, transitions, signposts
Summaries
restate what has already been covered
Previews
give a small glance of what comes next
Transitions
bridge two different concepts
Signposts
specific terms; first, second, third
Preparation vs. speaking
preparation: everything from your brainstorm to a full sentence manuscript of your entire speech
speaking: key words or short topics that you hold while you speak
