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ANTH 100 > Midterm Study Deck > Flashcards

Midterm Study Deck Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of humanity, present and past

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2
Q

Anthropological Perspective

A

Evolutionary, holistic, and comparative methods applied to the study of humans.

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3
Q

Branches of Anthropology

A

Biological
Cultural
Linguistic
Archaeology

(Applied anthropology)

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4
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

Looking at humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation.

Includes human biology, Primatology, Palaeoanthropology, and forensic anthropology.

Examples of applied biological anthropology: DNA analyst, epidemiologist, ergonomics (product developer)

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5
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

The study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change.

Examples of applied cultural anthropology: business (market research), poverty reduction, community development, disaster planning/management.

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6
Q

Typology

A

The study of how we classify things.

Lumping vs splitting

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7
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of past human cultures through their material remains.

Examples of applied archaeology: cultural resource management, museums, historical sites, and historic preservation.

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8
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Study of communication, mainly among humans, including origins and contemporary variations

Examples of applied linguistic anthropology: Supporting Indigenous language efforts, forensics linguistics

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9
Q

Archaeological Typologies

A

Can help date artifacts

Can be associated with chronology, morphology (shape), function, style, etc.

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10
Q

Cultural Typology

A

Used to study patterns in human behaviour

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11
Q

Linguistic Typologies

A

Help identify relationships between language families.

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12
Q

Cultural Relativism (Boas)

A

All cultures are equally valid and each can be understood only in its own context.

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13
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture (European).

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14
Q

Ethnography/Ethnology

A

Physical description of a culture

Process of studying a culture.

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15
Q

Lens of Anthropology

A
  1. Holistic
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Comparitive
  4. Qualitative
  5. Focused on linkages
  6. Focused on change
  7. Done through fieldwork
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16
Q

Unilinear Theory (Morgan)

A

19th century
The notion is that culture develops in a uniform and progressive manner.

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17
Q

Participant Observation

A

Method of an ethnographer: participating and observing a culture.

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18
Q

Salvage Ethnography

A

19th century

Study of cultures that are under threat of colonization.

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19
Q

Historical Particularism (Boas)

A

Every culture is a product of its own unique history.

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20
Q

Holism

A

All aspects of human biology and culture as interconnected.

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21
Q

Culture

A

The learned and shared things that people think, do, and have as members of a society.

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22
Q

Race

A

A term used to describe varieties or subspecies of a species; inaccurately used to refer to human differences

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23
Q

Enculturation

A

The process by which child learns his or her culture

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24
Q

Adaptive Cultural Practices

A

Ways that humans use cultural knowledge to adapt to their environments.

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25
Maladaptive Cultural Practices
Cultural practices that are harmful/not productive for a culture's survival in the long run. I.e. Female Genital Mutation
26
Ethical Field Study
Follow a code of ethics - AAA Weigh the possible impacts of work and strive to do no harm
27
Attributes of Culture
Learned Shared Symbolic Holistic
28
Emic
Insider's view
29
Etic
Outsider's view
30
Entomophagy
Insect eating
31
3 Parts of Culture
Cognition: What we think Behaviour: What we do Artifacts: What we have
32
Ethnicity
Shared culture, language, and history.
33
Dependence Training
A pattern of enculturation in child rearing favours the family unit over the individual.
34
Independence Training
A pattern of enculturation in child rearing that favours individuality
35
Ideal Behaviour
What people say they do (think)
36
Real Behaviour
What people actually do
37
Informants/Associates/Interlocutors
Study subjects; the people in a community
38
Random Sample
Selecting informants randomly Equal chance to be interviewed, searching for an average, works for smaller homogenous communities.
39
Judgement Sample
Selecting informants based on skill/knowledge/insight/sensitivity
40
Snowball Sample
One informant suggests/refers to another informant.
41
Key Informant/Key Associate
Main informants that are chosen for special insight that the ethnographer spends a lot of time with - likely to become close friends
42
6 Methods of Participant Observation
1. Formal Interviews - same set to each 2. Informal Interviews - The fieldworker siezes an opportunity to ask questions 3. life histories + oral histories 4. Case Studies - particular event is examined from multiple perspectives 5. Kinship data: family tree/genealogy 6. Photography
43
3 Ways of Relating to a Culture
Confront Complain Conform
44
Cultural Determinism
The belief that we are programmed by our cultures and have little agency.
45
Agency
The control of our own life. Our capacity to think and make choices
46
Why is it important to study evolutionary theory?
Making sense of human biology requires an understanding of human evolution. Ex. Lactose tolerance
47
Theory
A term used to describe multiple well-supported hypotheses and data in support of a fact.
48
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection
49
Natural Selection
1. There is variation in a population 2. Only a part reproduces (die young/no mate) 3. Traits are inheritable 4. Advantageous traits eventually become more frequent
50
Gregor Mendel
Monk who used peas to prove theories on inheritance, creating the foundation of genetics. Key discoveries: genotype, phenotype, allele
51
Genotype
What the genes code for
52
Phenotype
The physical expression of the genes
53
Allele
An alternate form of a gene (units passed down by parent)
54
Mutation
Errors in DNA replication. Mutation in reproductive cells that cause variability. Random, can be natural or caused by radiation, chemical, and viruses.
55
Gene Flow
Genes moving between populations that don't normally mate with each other.
56
Genetic Drift
Changes in allele frequency. I.e. A small population leaves the parent population.
57
Adaptive Radiation
Species rapidly adapt to an ecological niche. The quick expansion of a population that diversifies into multiple species.
58
Sexual Selection/Non-random Mating
Personal mate selection unrelated to the increased survival of the species occurs.
59
Speciation
The process in which new species emerge. Ex. geographical isolation - the congo river splitting chimps and bonobos
60
Extinction Causes
Natural evolution into another species Environmental Change Outcompeted by a new species
61
Mass Extinction
When 1/2 the earth's species go extinct
62
Genetics
The study of an individual gene and its inheritance.
63
Genome
Entire genetic make-up of an individual or species Genomics
64
Epigenetics
The study of changes in phenotypes without a change in the genotypes and the associated patterns of inheritance.
65
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)
Devised the Linnean taxonomy (1735) that is still used today. Binomial system (2 names)
66
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829)
Lamarckian Evolution/Inheritance of acquired traits
67
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
Organisms responded to their environment, and those changes could be passed down through generations. Ex. Giraffes stretch their necks to be longer, and their children will have longer necks.
68
Georges Cuvier (1769- 1832)
Catastrophism The lower the stratum, the more different its fossil animals were from the species living in the present.
69
Catastrophism
Natural disasters are responsible for the extinction/replacement of species.
70
Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)
Uniformitarian Can examine geological remains for answers to the past
71
Uniformitarian
Gradual change over time is observable in geography.
72
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913)
Common Origin - massive changes occur ver a long period of time Natural Selection
73
Microevolution
Small changes, single species, few generations Genetic data (gene pool) is rearranged/altered. i.e. resistance to a disease
74
Gradualism
small changes resulting in big changes over time observed in the fossil record with similar but different species
74
Macroevolution
large changes, (resulting in) multiple species, millions of years Result of a deletion/addition in the structure of the gene i.e. Sifka lemurs + 9 species in the genus
75
Punctuated Equilibrium
Large amounts of no change followed by a sudden large change Lacking transition species
76
Paleoanthropology
The study of early humans, using both archaeology and biological anthropology
77
Finding Paleoanthropological Sites
Looking in places where human remains have already been found (Great Rift Valley - East Africa) Targeting sites where sediments from the time period of interest are exposed.
78
Fossil
Any preserved early human remains no matter the condition.
79
The Human Fossil Record
Interpretation of history based on data of collected remains The assemblage of remains (very little in total)
80
Why do teeth preserve the best?
Contains dentin in the enamel. Mandible preserves second best because it is thick.
81
Taphonomy
Study of what happens to organic remains after death. Knowledge of natural/cultural causes that leave behind physical attributes to fossils.
82
Osteology
The study of the human skeleton
83
Dating Techniques
Potassium argon dating (K/Ar) - older than 200, 000 years Radio Carbon Dating (C-14) - younger than 50, 000 years Dating by Association
84
Potassium-Argon Dating (k/Ar)
Volcanic sediments contain potassium. The rate that potassium changes into argon is known and can be tested. Best for determining sites over 200, 000 years old.
85
Radio Carbon Dating (C-14)
All living things contain carbon-14. The rate it decays starting at the instance of death is known. Best for determining sites below 50, 000.
86
Dating by Association
When two things are found in the same stratigraphic layer, and only one of them can be dated - the other is assumed to be the same age.
87
Hominins
All members of Homo genus and taxa with evidence of habitual bipedalism that emerged since split of common ancestors with chimps/bonobos.
88
The Killer Ape Hypothesis
Aggression and violence are/were the driving forces of human evolution. No evidence. Used to justify violence.
89
1970s Bipedalism Theory
Brain size, tool use, and bipedalism evolved together. Disproved by Australopithecus
90
1970s-1980s Bipedalism Theory
Adaptation to savannah-grassland environment Effective heat management/exposure to the sun
91
Explanations for Becoming Bipedal
Carrying model (food, children, rocks, sticks) Effective heat management Greater endurance (energy efficient) Increasing height (for vision, more food, and display) Walking in trees
92
Skeletal Changes Accommodating Bipedalism
Repositioning of foramen magnum Curves in the spine Changes to pelvis Lengthening of femur Modification to knee Angling femur inward Changes in the foot
93
Homo Habilis
Tool-makers (stone) and associated with meat-eating.
94
Homo Erectus
Body and brain size much larger Cultural inventions like full-scale hunting, fire, and cooking
95
Homo Heidelbergensis
First early humans to live in colder climates
96
Neanderthals
Similar to homo sapiens
97
Trends In Human Biological Evolution
Becoming more efficient at bipedalism Larger in body and brain Larger/longer foreheads Less prognathic faces Smaller teeth
98
Ardipithecus
Bipedal with their toe sticking out
99
Australopithecus Afarensis
Dinkesh, Lucy - 40% complete fossil Selam - 3 year old Suggested adapted to climbing - chimp toe and cling to mother
100
Palaeolithic Timeline
Upper Palaeolithic: measured in tens of thousands of years - Homo Sapiens Middle Palaeolithic: measured in hundreds of thousands of years - Neanderthals/Homo Sapiens Lower Palaeolithic: measured in millions of years - hominid development
101
Analogous Traits
Similar in function but not due to common ancestry
102
Homologies
Similarities due to common ancestry

ANTH 100 (2 decks)

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