Midterm Study Deck Flashcards
SCIENCE
A SET OF IDEAS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS TESTED THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION AND REVISED WHEN NECESSARY TO ACCOUNT FOR NEW AS WELL AS OLD OBSERVATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH USED TO EVALUATE, TEST, AND EXPLAIN YOUR OBSERVATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS
STEP 1: ASK A QUESTION.
STEP 2: GATHER INFORMATION/RESEARCH
STEP 3: HYPOTHESIS
STEP 4: EXPERIMENT
STEP 5: ANALYZE DATA
STEP 6: CONCLUSION
HYPOTHESIS
IDEA OR EXPLANATION THAT CAN BE TESTED
CONTROL GROUP
NO VARIABLE ADDED
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
VARIABLE ADDED
VARIABLE
A QUANTITY THAT CHANGES
SCIENTIFIC THEORY
A HYPOTHESIS THAT HAS BEEN TESTED RIGOROUSLY AND HAS WITHSTOOD CONTINUOUS TESTING. IT HAS BEEN SUPPORTED OVERWHELMINGLY BY EVIDENCE THROUGH OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTATION
SCIENTIFIC LAW
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA
OCEANOGRAPHY
THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND PHENOMENA OF THE SEA.
MARINE GEOLOGISTS
STUDY THE EARTH’S COMPOSITIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT AND TECTONIC ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS
STUDY THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE OCEAN SUCH AS CURRENTS, WAVES, AND OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION.
CLIMATOLOGIST
STUDY THE OCEAN’S ROLE IN EARTH’S CLIMATE
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS
STUDY THE DISSOLVED SOLUTES/GASES FOUND IN THE OCEAN AND THE IMPACT THESE DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES HAVE ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE OCEAN
MARINE ENGINEERS
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT VARIOUS STRUCTURES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD’S OCEANS. CONSTRUCT DEVICES TO EXPLORE THE OCEANS
MARINE BIOLOGISTS/BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS
STUDIES THE BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE OCEAN
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE BEING TESTED
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT DON’T CHANGE
WHEN DID THE BIG BANG OCCUR
13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO
WHAT CAUSED THE MASS OF THE BIG BANG TO EXPAND?
COLLISIONS
WHAT IS A DRIVING FORCE OF LARGER MASS
GRAVITY
TEMPERATURE OF EARLY UNIVERSE
VERY HOT
WHEN DID STARS AND GALAXIES FORM
1 BILLION YEARS AFTER BIG BANG
GALAXY
MASSIVE, ROTATING COLLECTION OF STARS, DUST, GAS AND OTHER DEBRIS COLLECTIVELY HELD TOGETHER BY FORCE OF GRAVITY
OUR GALAXY
MILKY WAY
WHAT TYPE OF GALAXY IS THE MILKY WAY?
SPIRAL
HOW MANY GALAXIES ARE IN THE UNIVERSE?
ESTIMATED 100 BILLION
TYPES OF GALAXIES
SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND IRREGULAR
SPIRAL GALAXY
APPEAR AS FLAT, BLUE-WHITE DISCS OF STARS, GAS AND DUST. ACTIVELY FORMING STARS. A LARGE PART OF THE UNIVERSE
ELLIPTICAL GALAXY
⅓ OF ALL GALAXIES AND NOT ACTIVELY FORMING STARS. CONTAIN LITTLE GAS AND DUST BUT ARE MADE OF OLDER STARS.
IRREGULAR GALAXY
ABUNDANT IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE BUT ARE NOT SEEN OFTEN TODAY STARS
STARS
MASSIVE SPHERE OF INCANDESCENT GASES, POWERED BY THE CONVERSION OF HYDROGEN TO HELIUM DURING A PROCESS KNOWN AS NUCLEAR FUSION
NUCLEAR FUSION
THE PROCESS OF COMBINING 2 OR MORE LIGHTER NUCLEI IN ORDER TO FORM A HEAVIER NUCLEI.
OTHER THAN THE SUN, HOW CLOSE IS THE NEXT CLOSEST STAR TO EARTH?
26 TRILLION MILES AWAY
STAR FORMATION
BORN FROM CLOUDS OF GAS AND DUST.
COLLISIONS IN THE CLOUD CAUSE THE GAS AND DUST TO COLLAPSE UNDER THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
AS THE CLOUD COLLAPSES, THE MATERIAL BEGINS TO HEAT UP. THIS IS KNOWN AS A PROTOSTAR
THE COLLAPSE AND HEAT OF THE PROTOSTAR CREATES A STAR
STAR DEFORMATION
LIFE AND DEATH ARE DETERMINED BY ORIGINAL MASS.
STARS LIVE FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS.
WHEN THE STAR HAS FUSED ALL THE HYDROGEN IN ITS CORE, THE STAR STARTS TO COLLAPSE.
HYDROGEN AVAILABLE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE STAR MEANS FUSION OCCURS IN A SHELL.
RED GIANT
WHEN THE HOT CORE OF A STAR PUSHES THE LAYERS OF THE STAR OUTWARD CAUSING IT TO EXPAND AND COOL
SUPERNOVA
MORE MASSIVE STARS PRODUCE IRON IN THE CORE, COLLAPSE AND A VIOLENT ERUPTION HAPPENS
HOW OLD IS THE EARTH
4.6 BILLION YEARS OLD
HOW WAS THE MOON AND TILT OF THE EARTH’S AXIS CREATED?
EARLY EARTH COLLIDED WITH ANOTHER “PLANET”
IRON CATASTROPHE
EARTH CONTRACTED, CONVERTING GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY INTO HEAT
IRON MELTED ALLOWING IT TO FLOW TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.
THE SINKING OF THE LARGE AMOUNTS OF IRON RELEASED FURTHER HEAT, ENOUGH TO MELT THE ENTIRE INTERIOR OF THE PLANET.
CONVECTION
HEAT RISES, HEATS UP THE PLANET, WHEN COOLS DOWN, FALLS BACK TO THE CORE
CRUST
THIN OUTER LAYER OF THE EARTH
MANTLE
LIQUID LAYER OF SILICATES. CONVECTION CAUSES IT TO STAY LIQUID AND HEAT THE CRUST
OUTER CORE
LIQUID LAYER OF IRON AND NICKEL
INNER CORE
SOLIDCORE OF IRON AND NICKEL.HEAT AND PRESSURE ARE THE REASON IT IS SOLID
CONTINENTAL CRUST
MADE OF GRANITE, LESS DENSE THAN OCEANIC CRUST
OCEANIC CRUST
MADE OF BASALT
WHEN DID THE OCEANS FORM
WHEN EARTH COOLED TO BELOW 212 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
EARLY ATMOSPHERE
A STABLE ATMOSPHERE OF NITROGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR
WATER VAPOR CONDENSED TO FORM LIQUID WATER.
WATER MAY HAVE ARRIVED FROM COMET IMPACT
WHEN DID THE ATMOSPHERE BEGIN TO CHANGE?
3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
HOW DID THE ATMOSPHERE CHANGE?
CARBON DIOXIDE WENT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE GIVEN OFF FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS BEGAN, OXYGEN WENT UP AND CARBON DIOXIDE WENT DOWN
LITHOSPHERE COMPOSITION
SILICONE, IRON, MAGNESIUM
ASTHENOSPHERE COMPOSITION
IRON
MESOSPHERE COMPOSITION
IRON
OUTER CORE COMPOSITION
LIQUID IRON AND NICKEL
INNER CORE COMPOSITION
SOLID IRON AND NICKEL
WHAT TECTONIC PLATE DO WE LIVE ON?
NORTH AMERICAN
SAN ANDREAS FAULT BOUNDARY TYPE
TRANSFORM
WHICH LAYER CREATES EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD?
OUTER CORE
WHAT ARE THE TECTONIC PLATES MADE OF
CRUST AND MANTLE
WHAT LAYER IS THE MOST MALLEABLE?
MANTLE
AS DEPTH INCREASES, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE?
INCREASE
Who is Alfred Wegener?
CREATED THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
What was the name of Wegener’s supercontinent?
PANGEA
2 examples of evidence proving there was a supercontinent?
FOSSIL EVIDENCE ON CONTINENTS SEPARATED BY OCEANS
CONTINENTS FIT TOGETHER LIKE A PUZZLE
What are the differences between continental crust and oceanic crust?
OCEANIC CRUST: DENSE, COMPOSED OF BASALT
CONTINENTAL CRUST: LESS DENSE THAN OCEANIC CRUST, COMPOSED MAINLY OF GRANITE
What is the main element that makes up the mantle?
SILICATES
What is the composition of the outer core and inner core?
NICKEL AND IRON
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
TRANSFORM
Define a convergent boundary.
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY: 2 OR MORE PLATES COLLIDE
1 PLATE SLIDES BENEATH THE OTHER PLATE. THIS IS KNOWN AS SUBDUCTION
MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES FORM AT THIS BOUNDARY
Define a divergent boundary.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY: PLATE BOUNDARY WHERE PLATES PULL APART
MID-OCEAN RIDGES FORM
SEAFLOOR SPREADING: NEW SEAFLOOR IS DEPOSITED AS OLDER SEAFLOOR MOVES AWAY
Define a transform boundary.
TECTONIC PLATES SLIDE PAST ONE ANOTHER
EX: SAN ANDREAS FAULT
HOT SPOTS
What is the subduction zone?
THE AREA WHERE ONE PLATE SINKS BENEATH ANOTHER
Where are the majority of Earth’s volcanoes located?
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
What is an oceanic trench?
RESULT OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES-SUBDUCTION ZONES
A TRENCH MARKS THE POSITION WHERE A PLATE SUBDUCTS UNDER ANOTHER
What is the mid-Atlantic ridge?
LOCATED ON THE FLOOR OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
BETWEEN THE EURASIAN PLATE-NORTH AMERICAN PLATE AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE-AFRICAN PLATE
NEW SEAFLOOR IS DEPOSITED AT THE RIDGE
Give an example of a transform boundary.
SAN ANDREAS FAULT
CELESTIAL SPHERE
A LARGE, IMAGINARY SPHERE THAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH IN WHICH STARS, PLANETS, THE SUN, AND THE MOON SEEM TO BE ATTACHED.
ZENITH
THE LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE OBSERVER’S HEAD
NADIR
THE LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY BENEATH THE OBSERVER’S HEAD
NORTH CELESTIAL POLE
LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE EARTH’S NORTH POLE
SOUTH CELESTIAL POLE
LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE EARTH’S SOUTH POLE
CELESTIAL EQUATOR
DIRECTLY HALFWAY BETWEEN THE CELESTIAL POLES
DECLINATION
(LATITUDE)
RIGHT ASCENSION
(LONGITUDE)
GENERAL DIRECTIONS
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST AND WEST ARE IN REFERENCE TO THE HORIZON
HORIZON
THE LINE MARKING THE APPARENT INTERSECTION OF EARTH/OCEAN AND THE SKY
ECLIPTIC
THE APPARENT PATH OF THE SUN AROUND THE SKY
DAY AND NIGHT
ONLY ABOUT HALF THE EARTH IS LIT BY SUNLIGHT AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT
DAYTIME
FACING THE SUN
NIGHTTIME
IN THE EARTH’S SHADOW
ROTATION
THE TURNING OF AN OBJECT ALONG ITS OWN AXIS
EARTH HAS A TILT OF
ABOUT 23.5 DEGREES
THE EARTH’S ROTATION ON ITS AXIS IS WHAT CAUSES
DAY AND NIGHT
ONE ROTATION
24 HOURS
DIURNAL MOTION
AS A RESULT OF EARTH’S ROTATION, THERE IS DAILY APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN, MOON, PLANETS AND STARS IN THE SKY. THIS IS CALLED DIURNAL MOTION.
DAILY, THE SKY (STARS, SUN, MOON, PLANETS) APPEAR TO MOVE FROM
EAST TO WEST
EARTH ROTATES FROM
WEST TO EAST
REVOLUTION
THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT AROUND A RELATIVELY FIXED POINT THAT LIES OUTSIDE THE OBJECT
THE REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH AROUND THE SUN (ALONG WITH EARTH’S TILT) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
SEASONS
ROTATION=
DAY/NIGHT
REVOLUTION=
SEASONS
FOR EARTH TO COMPLETE 1 REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN
365.25 DAYS
EVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN ALSO CAUSES DIFFERENT CONSTELLATIONS
TO BE SEEN IN THE SKY
THE SKY ON PLANET EARTH IS ALWAYS FILLED WITH STARS BUT WE CANNOT SEE THEM DURING THE DAY BECAUSE OF THE
SUN’S RAYS
FAINTER SUNLIGHT=
STARS BECOME VISIBLE
FOR THE MOST PART, EARTH’S MOTION AROUND THE SUN IS NEARLY
CIRCULAR
CONSTELLATIONS
ONE OF THE STELLAR PATTERNS IDENTIFIED BY NAME, USUALLY OF MYTHOLOGICAL GODS, PEOPLE, ANIMALS, OBJECTS
ALSO INCLUDES THE REGION OF THE SKY CONTAINING THAT PATTERNS
ORIGINATED IN ORIGINAL CIVILIZATIONS
RECOGNIZED CONSTELLATIONS BY THE IAU
88
ASTERISM
A NAMED GROUP OF STARS NOT IDENTIFIED AS A CONSTELLATION
DESPITE CONSTELLATIONS AND STARS APPEARING CLOSE TOGETHER, THEY ARE VARYING
DISTANCES AND INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER
CIRCUMPOLAR
VISIBLE ALL YEAR
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
THIS POLE IS THE NORTH STAR (POLARIS) WHICH THE EARTH’S AXIAL TILT IS POINTED TOWARDS
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE THERE ARE 5 CONSTELLATIONS THAT ARE CIRCUMPOLAR
*URSA MAJOR “BIG DIPPER”
*URSA MINOR “LITTLE DIPPER”
*CEPHEUS “THE KING”
*CASSIOPEIA “THE QUEEN”
*DRACO “DRAGON”
2 POINTER STARS IN THE BIG DIPPER CAN BE USED TO LOCATE
THE LITTLE DIPPER ASTERISM
POLARIS, IS LOCATED IN THE
HANDLE OF THE LITTLE DIPPER
THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE DOES NOT
HAVE A POLE STAR LIKE THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS
THOSE THAT FALL IN THE PATH OF THE ECLIPTIC
ECLIPTIC
THE APPARENT PATH OF THE SUN AMONG THE STARS AROUND THE SKY
AS THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN, THE SUN APPEARS TO BE IN A CERTAIN
ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
THESE 4 CONSTELLATIONS ARE BLOCKED FROM VIEW DUE TO THE SUN ON/NEAR THE SEASONAL DATES
GEMINI, VIRGO, SAGITTARIUS, PISCES
HOWEVER THEIR 6 MONTH OPPOSITES ARE VISIBLE WHEN THE SKY IS NOT BRIGHTENED BY THE SUN
JUNE 21ST
AT SUNRISE, GEMINI RISING WITH SUN AS SAGITTARIUS IS SETTING
SEPTEMBER 22ND
AT SUNRISE, VIRGO IS RISING WITH THE SUN AS PISCES IS SETTING
DECEMBER 21ST
AT SUNRISE, SAGITTARIUS IS RISING AS GEMINI IS SETTING
MARCH 20TH
AT SUNRISE, PISCES RISING WITH THE SUN AS VIRGO IS SETTING
ORION
“THE HUNTER”
*STRIKING FEATURES:
*ORION’S BELT *ORION’S NEBULA *NO OTHER CONSTELLATION HAS SO MANY BRIGHT STARS *CONTAINS TWO STARS: RIGEL, BETELGEUSE
CANIS MAJOR
“THE BIG DOG”
*VERY CLEAR NIGHT TO SEE IT *CONTAINS THE STAR “SIRIUS”, ONE OF OUR CLOSEST NEIGHBORING STARS
CANIS MINOR
“THE LITTLE DOG”
*CONTAINS ONE OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS IN THE SKY “PROCYON”
WINTER HEXAGON
A ROUGH HEXAGONAL SHAPE CAN BE DRAWN BETWEEN 6 CONSTELLATIONS IN THE WINTER NIGHT SKY. STARS USED IN THE CONSTELLATION ARE LISTED IN ITALICS.
*AURIGA CAPELLA
*TAURUS ALDEBERAN
*ORION RIGEL
*CANIS MAJOR SIRIUS
*CANIS MINOR PROCYON
*GEMINI CASTOR AND POLLUX
crust and mantle make up the
lithosphere
maritime trade networks were established in
1000 BC
the area of the world is the most tectonically active
pacific ring of fire
which organism lives in environments with extreme heat
thermophile
according to Wegener these two continents fit together like a puzzle
south America and africa
