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Midterm Study Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

SCIENCE

A

A SET OF IDEAS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS TESTED THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION AND REVISED WHEN NECESSARY TO ACCOUNT FOR NEW AS WELL AS OLD OBSERVATIONS.

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2
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH USED TO EVALUATE, TEST, AND EXPLAIN YOUR OBSERVATIONS.

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3
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS

A

STEP 1: ASK A QUESTION.
STEP 2: GATHER INFORMATION/RESEARCH
STEP 3: HYPOTHESIS
STEP 4: EXPERIMENT
STEP 5: ANALYZE DATA
STEP 6: CONCLUSION

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4
Q

HYPOTHESIS

A

IDEA OR EXPLANATION THAT CAN BE TESTED

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5
Q

CONTROL GROUP

A

NO VARIABLE ADDED

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6
Q

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

A

VARIABLE ADDED

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7
Q

VARIABLE

A

A QUANTITY THAT CHANGES

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8
Q

SCIENTIFIC THEORY

A

A HYPOTHESIS THAT HAS BEEN TESTED RIGOROUSLY AND HAS WITHSTOOD CONTINUOUS TESTING. IT HAS BEEN SUPPORTED OVERWHELMINGLY BY EVIDENCE THROUGH OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTATION

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9
Q

SCIENTIFIC LAW

A

MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA

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10
Q

OCEANOGRAPHY

A

THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND PHENOMENA OF THE SEA.

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11
Q

MARINE GEOLOGISTS

A

STUDY THE EARTH’S COMPOSITIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT AND TECTONIC ACTIVITY

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12
Q

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS

A

STUDY THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE OCEAN SUCH AS CURRENTS, WAVES, AND OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION.

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13
Q

CLIMATOLOGIST

A

STUDY THE OCEAN’S ROLE IN EARTH’S CLIMATE

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14
Q

CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS

A

STUDY THE DISSOLVED SOLUTES/GASES FOUND IN THE OCEAN AND THE IMPACT THESE DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES HAVE ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE OCEAN

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15
Q

MARINE ENGINEERS

A

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT VARIOUS STRUCTURES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD’S OCEANS. CONSTRUCT DEVICES TO EXPLORE THE OCEANS

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16
Q

MARINE BIOLOGISTS/BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS

A

STUDIES THE BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE OCEAN

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17
Q

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

A

VARIABLE BEING TESTED

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18
Q

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

A

VARIABLES THAT DON’T CHANGE

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19
Q

WHEN DID THE BIG BANG OCCUR

A

13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO

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20
Q

WHAT CAUSED THE MASS OF THE BIG BANG TO EXPAND?

A

COLLISIONS

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21
Q

WHAT IS A DRIVING FORCE OF LARGER MASS

A

GRAVITY

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22
Q

TEMPERATURE OF EARLY UNIVERSE

A

VERY HOT

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23
Q

WHEN DID STARS AND GALAXIES FORM

A

1 BILLION YEARS AFTER BIG BANG

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24
Q

GALAXY

A

MASSIVE, ROTATING COLLECTION OF STARS, DUST, GAS AND OTHER DEBRIS COLLECTIVELY HELD TOGETHER BY FORCE OF GRAVITY

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25
Q

OUR GALAXY

A

MILKY WAY

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26
Q

WHAT TYPE OF GALAXY IS THE MILKY WAY?

A

SPIRAL

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27
Q

HOW MANY GALAXIES ARE IN THE UNIVERSE?

A

ESTIMATED 100 BILLION

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28
Q

TYPES OF GALAXIES

A

SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND IRREGULAR

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29
Q

SPIRAL GALAXY

A

APPEAR AS FLAT, BLUE-WHITE DISCS OF STARS, GAS AND DUST. ACTIVELY FORMING STARS. A LARGE PART OF THE UNIVERSE

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30
Q

ELLIPTICAL GALAXY

A

⅓ OF ALL GALAXIES AND NOT ACTIVELY FORMING STARS. CONTAIN LITTLE GAS AND DUST BUT ARE MADE OF OLDER STARS.

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31
Q

IRREGULAR GALAXY

A

ABUNDANT IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE BUT ARE NOT SEEN OFTEN TODAY STARS

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32
Q

STARS

A

MASSIVE SPHERE OF INCANDESCENT GASES, POWERED BY THE CONVERSION OF HYDROGEN TO HELIUM DURING A PROCESS KNOWN AS NUCLEAR FUSION

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33
Q

NUCLEAR FUSION

A

THE PROCESS OF COMBINING 2 OR MORE LIGHTER NUCLEI IN ORDER TO FORM A HEAVIER NUCLEI.

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34
Q

OTHER THAN THE SUN, HOW CLOSE IS THE NEXT CLOSEST STAR TO EARTH?

A

26 TRILLION MILES AWAY

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35
Q

STAR FORMATION

A

BORN FROM CLOUDS OF GAS AND DUST.

COLLISIONS IN THE CLOUD CAUSE THE GAS AND DUST TO COLLAPSE UNDER THE FORCE OF GRAVITY

AS THE CLOUD COLLAPSES, THE MATERIAL BEGINS TO HEAT UP. THIS IS KNOWN AS A PROTOSTAR

THE COLLAPSE AND HEAT OF THE PROTOSTAR CREATES A STAR

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36
Q

STAR DEFORMATION

A

LIFE AND DEATH ARE DETERMINED BY ORIGINAL MASS.

STARS LIVE FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS.

WHEN THE STAR HAS FUSED ALL THE HYDROGEN IN ITS CORE, THE STAR STARTS TO COLLAPSE.

HYDROGEN AVAILABLE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE STAR MEANS FUSION OCCURS IN A SHELL.

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37
Q

RED GIANT

A

WHEN THE HOT CORE OF A STAR PUSHES THE LAYERS OF THE STAR OUTWARD CAUSING IT TO EXPAND AND COOL

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38
Q

SUPERNOVA

A

MORE MASSIVE STARS PRODUCE IRON IN THE CORE, COLLAPSE AND A VIOLENT ERUPTION HAPPENS

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39
Q

HOW OLD IS THE EARTH

A

4.6 BILLION YEARS OLD

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40
Q

HOW WAS THE MOON AND TILT OF THE EARTH’S AXIS CREATED?

A

EARLY EARTH COLLIDED WITH ANOTHER “PLANET”

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41
Q

IRON CATASTROPHE

A

EARTH CONTRACTED, CONVERTING GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY INTO HEAT

IRON MELTED ALLOWING IT TO FLOW TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.

THE SINKING OF THE LARGE AMOUNTS OF IRON RELEASED FURTHER HEAT, ENOUGH TO MELT THE ENTIRE INTERIOR OF THE PLANET.

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42
Q

CONVECTION

A

HEAT RISES, HEATS UP THE PLANET, WHEN COOLS DOWN, FALLS BACK TO THE CORE

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43
Q

CRUST

A

THIN OUTER LAYER OF THE EARTH

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44
Q

MANTLE

A

LIQUID LAYER OF SILICATES. CONVECTION CAUSES IT TO STAY LIQUID AND HEAT THE CRUST

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45
Q

OUTER CORE

A

LIQUID LAYER OF IRON AND NICKEL

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46
Q

INNER CORE

A

SOLIDCORE OF IRON AND NICKEL.HEAT AND PRESSURE ARE THE REASON IT IS SOLID

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47
Q

CONTINENTAL CRUST

A

MADE OF GRANITE, LESS DENSE THAN OCEANIC CRUST

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48
Q

OCEANIC CRUST

A

MADE OF BASALT

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49
Q

WHEN DID THE OCEANS FORM

A

WHEN EARTH COOLED TO BELOW 212 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

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50
Q

EARLY ATMOSPHERE

A

A STABLE ATMOSPHERE OF NITROGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR

WATER VAPOR CONDENSED TO FORM LIQUID WATER.

WATER MAY HAVE ARRIVED FROM COMET IMPACT

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51
Q

WHEN DID THE ATMOSPHERE BEGIN TO CHANGE?

A

3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO

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52
Q

HOW DID THE ATMOSPHERE CHANGE?

A

CARBON DIOXIDE WENT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE GIVEN OFF FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS BEGAN, OXYGEN WENT UP AND CARBON DIOXIDE WENT DOWN

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53
Q

LITHOSPHERE COMPOSITION

A

SILICONE, IRON, MAGNESIUM

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54
Q

ASTHENOSPHERE COMPOSITION

A

IRON

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55
Q

MESOSPHERE COMPOSITION

A

IRON

56
Q

OUTER CORE COMPOSITION

A

LIQUID IRON AND NICKEL

57
Q

INNER CORE COMPOSITION

A

SOLID IRON AND NICKEL

58
Q

WHAT TECTONIC PLATE DO WE LIVE ON?

A

NORTH AMERICAN

59
Q

SAN ANDREAS FAULT BOUNDARY TYPE

A

TRANSFORM

60
Q

WHICH LAYER CREATES EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD?

A

OUTER CORE

61
Q

WHAT ARE THE TECTONIC PLATES MADE OF

A

CRUST AND MANTLE

62
Q

WHAT LAYER IS THE MOST MALLEABLE?

A

MANTLE

63
Q

AS DEPTH INCREASES, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE?

A

INCREASE

64
Q

Who is Alfred Wegener?

A

CREATED THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT

65
Q

What was the name of Wegener’s supercontinent?

A

PANGEA

66
Q

2 examples of evidence proving there was a supercontinent?

A

FOSSIL EVIDENCE ON CONTINENTS SEPARATED BY OCEANS
CONTINENTS FIT TOGETHER LIKE A PUZZLE

67
Q

What are the differences between continental crust and oceanic crust?

A

OCEANIC CRUST: DENSE, COMPOSED OF BASALT
CONTINENTAL CRUST: LESS DENSE THAN OCEANIC CRUST, COMPOSED MAINLY OF GRANITE

68
Q

What is the main element that makes up the mantle?

A

SILICATES

69
Q

What is the composition of the outer core and inner core?

A

NICKEL AND IRON

70
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
TRANSFORM

71
Q

Define a convergent boundary.

A

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY: 2 OR MORE PLATES COLLIDE
1 PLATE SLIDES BENEATH THE OTHER PLATE. THIS IS KNOWN AS SUBDUCTION
MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES FORM AT THIS BOUNDARY

72
Q

Define a divergent boundary.

A

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY: PLATE BOUNDARY WHERE PLATES PULL APART
MID-OCEAN RIDGES FORM
SEAFLOOR SPREADING: NEW SEAFLOOR IS DEPOSITED AS OLDER SEAFLOOR MOVES AWAY

73
Q

Define a transform boundary.

A

TECTONIC PLATES SLIDE PAST ONE ANOTHER
EX: SAN ANDREAS FAULT
HOT SPOTS

74
Q

What is the subduction zone?

A

THE AREA WHERE ONE PLATE SINKS BENEATH ANOTHER

75
Q

Where are the majority of Earth’s volcanoes located?

A

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

76
Q

What is an oceanic trench?

A

RESULT OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES-SUBDUCTION ZONES
A TRENCH MARKS THE POSITION WHERE A PLATE SUBDUCTS UNDER ANOTHER

77
Q

What is the mid-Atlantic ridge?

A

LOCATED ON THE FLOOR OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
BETWEEN THE EURASIAN PLATE-NORTH AMERICAN PLATE AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE-AFRICAN PLATE
NEW SEAFLOOR IS DEPOSITED AT THE RIDGE

78
Q

Give an example of a transform boundary.

A

SAN ANDREAS FAULT

79
Q

CELESTIAL SPHERE

A

A LARGE, IMAGINARY SPHERE THAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH IN WHICH STARS, PLANETS, THE SUN, AND THE MOON SEEM TO BE ATTACHED.

80
Q

ZENITH

A

THE LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE OBSERVER’S HEAD

81
Q

NADIR

A

THE LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY BENEATH THE OBSERVER’S HEAD

82
Q

NORTH CELESTIAL POLE

A

LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE EARTH’S NORTH POLE

83
Q

SOUTH CELESTIAL POLE

A

LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE EARTH’S SOUTH POLE

84
Q

CELESTIAL EQUATOR

A

DIRECTLY HALFWAY BETWEEN THE CELESTIAL POLES

85
Q

DECLINATION

A

(LATITUDE)

86
Q

RIGHT ASCENSION

A

(LONGITUDE)

87
Q

GENERAL DIRECTIONS

A

NORTH, SOUTH, EAST AND WEST ARE IN REFERENCE TO THE HORIZON

88
Q

HORIZON

A

THE LINE MARKING THE APPARENT INTERSECTION OF EARTH/OCEAN AND THE SKY

89
Q

ECLIPTIC

A

THE APPARENT PATH OF THE SUN AROUND THE SKY

90
Q

DAY AND NIGHT

A

ONLY ABOUT HALF THE EARTH IS LIT BY SUNLIGHT AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT

91
Q

DAYTIME

A

FACING THE SUN

92
Q

NIGHTTIME

A

IN THE EARTH’S SHADOW

93
Q

ROTATION

A

THE TURNING OF AN OBJECT ALONG ITS OWN AXIS

94
Q

EARTH HAS A TILT OF

A

ABOUT 23.5 DEGREES

95
Q

THE EARTH’S ROTATION ON ITS AXIS IS WHAT CAUSES

A

DAY AND NIGHT

96
Q

ONE ROTATION

A

24 HOURS

97
Q

DIURNAL MOTION

A

AS A RESULT OF EARTH’S ROTATION, THERE IS DAILY APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN, MOON, PLANETS AND STARS IN THE SKY. THIS IS CALLED DIURNAL MOTION.

98
Q

DAILY, THE SKY (STARS, SUN, MOON, PLANETS) APPEAR TO MOVE FROM

A

EAST TO WEST

99
Q

EARTH ROTATES FROM

A

WEST TO EAST

100
Q

REVOLUTION

A

THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT AROUND A RELATIVELY FIXED POINT THAT LIES OUTSIDE THE OBJECT

101
Q

THE REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH AROUND THE SUN (ALONG WITH EARTH’S TILT) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

A

SEASONS

102
Q

ROTATION=

A

DAY/NIGHT

103
Q

REVOLUTION=

A

SEASONS

104
Q

FOR EARTH TO COMPLETE 1 REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN

A

365.25 DAYS

105
Q

EVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN ALSO CAUSES DIFFERENT CONSTELLATIONS

A

TO BE SEEN IN THE SKY

106
Q

THE SKY ON PLANET EARTH IS ALWAYS FILLED WITH STARS BUT WE CANNOT SEE THEM DURING THE DAY BECAUSE OF THE

A

SUN’S RAYS

107
Q

FAINTER SUNLIGHT=

A

STARS BECOME VISIBLE

108
Q

FOR THE MOST PART, EARTH’S MOTION AROUND THE SUN IS NEARLY

A

CIRCULAR

109
Q

CONSTELLATIONS

A

ONE OF THE STELLAR PATTERNS IDENTIFIED BY NAME, USUALLY OF MYTHOLOGICAL GODS, PEOPLE, ANIMALS, OBJECTS
ALSO INCLUDES THE REGION OF THE SKY CONTAINING THAT PATTERNS
ORIGINATED IN ORIGINAL CIVILIZATIONS

110
Q

RECOGNIZED CONSTELLATIONS BY THE IAU

A

88

111
Q

ASTERISM

A

A NAMED GROUP OF STARS NOT IDENTIFIED AS A CONSTELLATION

112
Q

DESPITE CONSTELLATIONS AND STARS APPEARING CLOSE TOGETHER, THEY ARE VARYING

A

DISTANCES AND INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER

113
Q

CIRCUMPOLAR

A

VISIBLE ALL YEAR

114
Q

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

A

THIS POLE IS THE NORTH STAR (POLARIS) WHICH THE EARTH’S AXIAL TILT IS POINTED TOWARDS

115
Q

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE THERE ARE 5 CONSTELLATIONS THAT ARE CIRCUMPOLAR

A

*URSA MAJOR “BIG DIPPER”
*URSA MINOR “LITTLE DIPPER”
*CEPHEUS “THE KING”
*CASSIOPEIA “THE QUEEN”
*DRACO “DRAGON”

116
Q

2 POINTER STARS IN THE BIG DIPPER CAN BE USED TO LOCATE

A

THE LITTLE DIPPER ASTERISM

117
Q

POLARIS, IS LOCATED IN THE

A

HANDLE OF THE LITTLE DIPPER

118
Q

THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE DOES NOT

A

HAVE A POLE STAR LIKE THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

119
Q

ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS

A

THOSE THAT FALL IN THE PATH OF THE ECLIPTIC

120
Q

ECLIPTIC

A

THE APPARENT PATH OF THE SUN AMONG THE STARS AROUND THE SKY

121
Q

AS THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN, THE SUN APPEARS TO BE IN A CERTAIN

A

ZODIAC CONSTELLATION

122
Q

THESE 4 CONSTELLATIONS ARE BLOCKED FROM VIEW DUE TO THE SUN ON/NEAR THE SEASONAL DATES

A

GEMINI, VIRGO, SAGITTARIUS, PISCES
HOWEVER THEIR 6 MONTH OPPOSITES ARE VISIBLE WHEN THE SKY IS NOT BRIGHTENED BY THE SUN

123
Q

JUNE 21ST

A

AT SUNRISE, GEMINI RISING WITH SUN AS SAGITTARIUS IS SETTING

124
Q

SEPTEMBER 22ND

A

AT SUNRISE, VIRGO IS RISING WITH THE SUN AS PISCES IS SETTING

125
Q

DECEMBER 21ST

A

AT SUNRISE, SAGITTARIUS IS RISING AS GEMINI IS SETTING

126
Q

MARCH 20TH

A

AT SUNRISE, PISCES RISING WITH THE SUN AS VIRGO IS SETTING

127
Q

ORION

A

“THE HUNTER”

*STRIKING FEATURES:

*ORION’S BELT
*ORION’S NEBULA
*NO OTHER CONSTELLATION HAS SO MANY BRIGHT STARS
*CONTAINS TWO STARS: RIGEL, BETELGEUSE
128
Q

CANIS MAJOR

A

“THE BIG DOG”

*VERY CLEAR NIGHT TO SEE IT
*CONTAINS THE STAR “SIRIUS”, ONE OF OUR CLOSEST NEIGHBORING STARS
129
Q

CANIS MINOR

A

“THE LITTLE DOG”

*CONTAINS ONE OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS IN THE SKY “PROCYON”
130
Q

WINTER HEXAGON

A

A ROUGH HEXAGONAL SHAPE CAN BE DRAWN BETWEEN 6 CONSTELLATIONS IN THE WINTER NIGHT SKY. STARS USED IN THE CONSTELLATION ARE LISTED IN ITALICS.

*AURIGA CAPELLA
*TAURUS ALDEBERAN
*ORION RIGEL
*CANIS MAJOR SIRIUS
*CANIS MINOR PROCYON
*GEMINI CASTOR AND POLLUX

131
Q

crust and mantle make up the

A

lithosphere

132
Q

maritime trade networks were established in

A

1000 BC

133
Q

the area of the world is the most tectonically active

A

pacific ring of fire

134
Q

which organism lives in environments with extreme heat

A

thermophile

135
Q

according to Wegener these two continents fit together like a puzzle

A

south America and africa

Marine Science (4 decks)

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