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CSC 105 > Midterm Study > Flashcards

Midterm Study Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic functions of computers

A
  • receive input
  • Process information
  • produce output
  • store information
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2
Q

which 2 streams of evolution did modern computers result from

A 
•mechanization of arithmetic
»calculating machines (hardware)
--eg, calculator
•concept of stored programs
»process control (software)
--eg, programs and apps; tell computer what task to perform and how to perform them
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3
Q

mechanization 1:
the abacus
Blaise pascal
pascal’s adder

A 
•the abacus
--unknown origin
--used in china 3-4 thousand years ago
•Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
--first mechanized adding machine
--gears and wheels
--add and subtract, calculate taxes
--inaccurate
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4
Q

mechanization 2

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

A

•Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1646-1716)
•1670’s - liebniz calculator
–similar to pascals design
add, subtract, multiply, divide
–more reliable and accurate; but still inaccurate
–he also invented calculus

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5
Q

stored program 1
Joseph Marie jacquard
jacquard loom

A

•1800 France - Jacquard’s loom
–weaving loom
-metal punch cards to position threads for the weaving process
-within the decade, 11000 used in France
may have been first cause of unemployment by automation

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6
Q

stored program 2

Herman hollerith

A

Herman Hollerith 1860-1929 USA; tabulating machine

  • machine that used electrical charges to read info off punch card
  • for use in 1890 US census
  • store and process census data on punched cards
  • stared company in 1896; in 1924 this became IBM
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7
Q

Charles babbage

A

•1822-33 E. - difference engine
-abandoned bc not precise
•1830-71 - analytic engine
-designed but never completed; ahead of its time
-mill; arithmetic computations
-store; stored data and results
-operation cards; program instructions
-variable cards; select memory location of ops
-output; printer or punch cards
-first programmer: countess Ada Lovelace E.

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8
Q

the scientists and mathematicians who designed and build first working computer

A
  • konrad zuse. GR
  • John atanasoff. US
  • howard Aiken.
  • John mauchly & J Presper Eckert
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9
Q

Konrad zuse

A
  • 1939, built first programmable, general purpose digital computer
  • built from electric relays to automate engineering calculations
  • “too lazy to calculate so I invented computer”
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10
Q

Alan Turing 1912-1954

A
  • grandfather of computer science
  • influenced group responsible for building the collosus
  • a member of the team which broke the enigma code; sue by nazi Germany
  • then created another machine to break enigma code and intercept nazi communications
  • reportedly committed suicide
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11
Q

1939-42 - ABC

A

John atanasoff and Clifford berry (Iowa state)

-small scale - 30 vacuum tubes

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12
Q

mark 1

A 
1944
-electromechanical computer
-howard Aiken (Harvard)
first real analytical engine
-based on relays
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13
Q

John von neumann

A

1945 - Princeton

  • developed stored program concept
  • -both programs and data stored in same memory
  • modern computers said to use von Neumann architecture
  • worked on the ENIAC doing hydrogen bomb
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14
Q

ENIAC

A

electrical numerical integrator and calculator

  • best known as first fully electronic computer
  • 18000 vacuum tubes
  • 1500 relays
  • 30x50ft room
  • low reliability, lots of power, air conditioning
  • six women did most of programming incl Grace Hopper
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15
Q

UNIVAC 1

A
  • first commercially available electronic digital computer
  • introduced by Remington rand
  • public awareness of computers increases as it correctly predicts that Eisenhower will win presidency 1952
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16
Q

evolution and acceleration

A

hardware changes are defined by generations

  • 1st gen vacuum tubes
  • 2nd gen transistors
  • 3rd gen integrated circuts
  • 4th gen microprocessor
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17
Q

first gen computers

A
  • 1930-40s
  • vacuum tubes used as switches
  • large computers
  • very slow
  • prone to failure
  • incl, ABC, mark 1, ENIAC, UNIVAC etc
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18
Q

second gen computers

A
  • 1950s to mid 1960’s
  • transistors used as switches
  • smaller than vacuum tube built computers
  • as much as thousand times faster than first gen computers
  • more reliable and less expensive
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19
Q

third gen computers

A

late 1960s

  • hundreds of transistors packed into single integrated circuit on a silicon chip
  • dramatic reduction in size and cost
  • significant increases in reliability, speed, and efficiency
  • mass production techniques to manufacture chips inexpensively
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20
Q

fourth gen computers

A
  • 1970s to present
  • complete computer on a chip
  • radical change in appearance, capability and availability of computers
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21
Q

personal computers; 1975

A
  • CPU or processor
  • contained on a single chip called a microprocessor
  • brains of the computer
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22
Q

two basic components of the CPU

A
  • control unit
  • -tells the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions
  • arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
  • -performs arithmetic and logical operations
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23
Q

components of tower

A
  • system fan
  • floppy
  • heat sink
  • hard drive
  • optical drive
  • RAM modules
  • Processors (CPU)
  • Motherboard
  • power supply
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24
Q

motherboard components

A
  • heatsink and fan
  • -CPU under
  • video card
  • memory
  • power supply
  • dvd burner
  • hard drive
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25
Q

computer hardware vs internal hardware

A

Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and
RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.

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26
Q

multicore processors

A
  • 2 or more separate and independent CPU within a system unit
  • -quad core supports 4 core processes
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27
Q

parallel processing

A
  • computers ability to divide tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core
  • windows 10 and MacOS sierra support parallel processing
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28
Q

integrated circuit benefits

A
  • reliability
  • size
  • speed
  • efficiency
  • cost
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29
Q

embedded computer

A

special purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product

  • controlling temp of car
  • monitoring heartrate
  • monitoring house security
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30
Q

servers

A

slide 52 lecture 2

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31
Q

data representation: analog

A

signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality

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32
Q

data representation: digital

A

signals are in one of two states: on or off

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33
Q

binary system uses

A

two unique digits (0 and 1)

-bits and bytes

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34
Q

bit (binary digit)

A
  • smallest unit of info
  • contains one piece of info
  • can have two values 1 and 0
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35
Q

what can binary digits, or bits, represent

A

numbers, codes, or instructions

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36
Q

decimal number system

A

decimal is a base 10, positional number system

10 digits: 0 to 9

powers of 10

eg, 8,652 = (2 x 10^0) + (5 x 10^1) + (6 x 10^2) + (8 x 10^3)
=2+50+600+8000
=8652

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37
Q

binary number system

A

binary is a use 2, positional number system

2 digits; 0 , 1

powers of 2

eg, 101102 = (0 x 2^0) + (1 x 2^1) + (1 x 2^2) + (0 x 2^3) + (1 x 2^4)
=0+2+4+0+16
=2+4+16
=22

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38
Q

counting in binary

A

use the bin method

32-16-8-4-2-1

slide 7 lecture 4

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39
Q

decimal to binary conversion

A

slide 22-24 lecture 4

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40
Q

byte

A
  • made up of 8 bits of info
  • byte can hold 256 dif values (0-255)
  • 2 bytes is same as 16 bits
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41
Q

How many codepoints can be stored as 2 bytes?

A

65536

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42
Q

k (kilobyte)

A

about 1000 bytes of info

technically 1024 = 1K of storage

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43
Q

MB (megabyte)

A

about 1 million bytes of info

1024K in a MB

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44
Q

GB (gigabyte)

A

about 1 billion bytes of info

1024 MB in a GB

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45
Q

TB (terabyte)

A

about 1 million megabytes of information

1024 Gb in a TB

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46
Q

bar chart

A

compare data associated with a specific time period

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47
Q

pie chart

A

quick overview of data that can be divided into a limited number of categories

shows relative proportions of a whole

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48
Q

line chart

A

shows changes over time

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49
Q

scatter charts

A

shows relationship between variables

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50
Q

stock charts

A

shoes open, close, high, low and volume

51
Q

clustered bar/column

A

use to see individual components

52
Q

stacked bar/column chart

A

useful to work w data in a few categories that also has proportions of a whole that change over time

53
Q

scatter chart

A

used to discover, rather then display a relationship between two variables

54
Q

motherboard

A

main circuit board of computer

-copmuter chip contains integrated circuits

55
Q

processor or CPU (central processing unit)

A
  • interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
  • contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
  • performs arithmetic and logical data manipulations
  • communicates w other parts of computer system
56
Q

control unit of processor

A

the component that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer

57
Q

arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

A

performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

58
Q

processor

A
  • For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle
  • generates heat; could cause failure so need:
  • -heat sink
  • -liquid cooling
  • -cooling pads
59
Q

registers

A

contained in the processor

-temporarily holds data and instructions

60
Q

system clock

A

controls timing of all computer operations

-pace of system clocks called clock speed, and is usually measure in GHz

61
Q

processor speed

A

system clock

bus size

word size

architecture

62
Q

compatibility

A
  • software is written for specific processor and may not be compatible with another CPU
  • every processor has a built in instruction set or vocabulary of instructions that only the processor can execute
  • -CPUs in the same family are generally backwards compatible
63
Q

sockets

A

-sockets; the connection point for chips

64
Q

chips

A
  • tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon
  • also called silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit
  • mounted on chip carriers
65
Q

slots

A
  • provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards
  • provide expansion capabilities for the computer
66
Q

bus lines

A

connecting lines the provide pathways to support communication among electronic components

67
Q

chip capacities

A

expressed in word size

-word is number of bits that can be processed at one time: 16, 32, or 64

68
Q

parallel processing

A

computers ability to divide tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core

69
Q

memory

A

holding area for data, instructions and information

  • contained on chips connected to the system board
  • three well known types of memory chips
  • -RAM
  • -ROM
  • -Flash memory
70
Q

RAM

A

holds programs and data that the cpu is presently processing

–volatile or temporary-contents are lost when computer is powered off

71
Q

cache memory

A 
temporary, high speed holding area between the memory and CPU
--additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM
72
Q

virtual memory

A

dividing a program between memory and storage enabling the system to run very large programs

73
Q

ROM

A

read only memory

  • info stored by manufacturer
  • non volatile and can’t be changed

-CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but computer cannot change ROM

  • contains special instructions
  • -start computer
  • -access memory
  • -handle keyboard input
74
Q

flash memory

A

combined features

  • RAM; can be updated
  • ROM; non volatile
  • contains startup information
  • -BIOS
  • -amount of RAM
  • -type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected
75
Q

how much info/data every 2 days

A

5 exabytes

until 2003 that was how much was ever made

76
Q

Data

A

collection of unprocessed items

  • text
  • numbers
  • images
  • audio
  • video
77
Q

database

A

-collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data

78
Q

information

A

processed data

  • organized
  • meaningful
  • useful
79
Q

database software

A

often called database management system (DBMS) allows users to:

  • create a computerized database
  • add, modify and delete data
  • sort and retrieve data
  • create forms and reports from the data
80
Q

data organization levels

A

characters, field, records, and tables (files)

81
Q

character

A

one byte

-numbers, letters, space, punctuation marks, or other symbols

82
Q

field

A

combination of one or more related characters

  • field name
  • field size
  • data type
83
Q

record

A

group of related files

-primary key is field that uniquely identifies each record

84
Q

record

A

group of related files

-primary key is field that uniquely identifies each record

85
Q

table (data file)

A

a collection of related records

86
Q

relational database

A

stores data in multiple tables that are linked via a relationship using common fields

divide data into objects
-usually a natural division

87
Q

advantages of relational database

A
  • reduce data redundancy
  • -most items stored in one place
  • -common field is only repetition
  • improved data integrity
  • -need only change one data entry
  • shared data
  • -easily share data over multiple tables
  • flexibility
  • -can retrieve and organize data dynamically
88
Q

relational database design

A

-we need to define how we divide data into tables, records and fields, then determine the types of relationships that exist

  • done through an entity relationship diagram
  • -primary keys
  • -foreign keys
  • -relationship types
89
Q

entity

A

the person, place, thing etc, about which you maintain information

easily identifiable

90
Q

attribute

A

each characteristic or quality describing an entity

91
Q

primary key

A

unique identifier for each record

92
Q

foreign key

A

the primary key from another related table is stored as a foreign key to make sure the tables relate to each other

93
Q

weak entity

A

entity that has no key that uniquely identifies it

94
Q

input

A

any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer

common input methods

  • keyboard
  • pointing devices
  • touch screens
  • pen input
  • motion input
  • voice input
  • video input
  • scanners and reading devices
95
Q

colour depth of grayscale

A

bits per pixel

1bpp = 2 levels (black or white

4bpp = 16 levels

8bpp = 256 levels

96
Q

what does colour depth/bpp affect

A

the overall texture/details of an image

97
Q

Digital camera - light

CCD

A

charged coupled device

98
Q

Digital camera - light

CMOS

A

complementary-metal oxide semiconductor

  • light sensitive diodes that convert light to electrical charge
  • aligned as a grid of pixels (picture elements) which creates a discrete division of the continuous world
  • the number of pixels that make up the image is the resolution of the image
99
Q

digital cameras - colour

A

-to capture the colour at each pixel a colour filter is placed between the light source and the diodes
-bayer filter - RGB colour filter arranged in alternating red/green and green/blues
colour calculation happens in the processor not by the sensor itself

100
Q

for every pixel how many sensels are used

A

9

8 surrounding senses contribute to the main senses in the middle which is in the location of the target pixel

101
Q

digital cameras- demosaicing

A

the process of combining the r,g,b pixels to form the true image (non-mosaic)

102
Q

digital cameras - mosaic

A

after you have measured the amount of rgb hitting the corresponding pixels you have a mosaic of colours

103
Q

digital cameras - interpolation

A

using the amount of rgb in neighbouring pixels to determine the true colour at each pixel

104
Q

digital cameras - ADC

A

analogue to digital converter

  • converts the measurements into binary values
  • colour depth - bits per pixel (24-bits)
105
Q

how big is an image

A

for 4M pixels (2000x2000), the size of a 24bpp colour image is :
2000x2000x24bpp=96Mbits, or 96M bit / 8 = 12MB

for 4M pixels, the size of 8bpp grayscale is:
2000x2000x8bpp=32M bits, or 4MB

106
Q

pixel density

A

pixels-per-inch or ppi

  • defines the physical size of each pixel
  • eg, tv has 100ppi; iPhone 5 has 326 ppi

this is why text on your TV looks worse than on your computer display, even though they have the same resolution

107
Q

sound - sampling

A

in signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. a common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of signals (a discrete-time signal)

each sample musty fit into a binary value to be stored

108
Q

sampling - dots

A

each dot (or sample) is represented by a binary number

109
Q

A/D vs D/A conversion

A

microphone to computer digital audio is A/D (analog to digital)

computer digital audio to speakers is D/A (digital to analog)

110
Q

sound wave

A

measure of compression and rarefactions over time

111
Q

amplitude

A

the amount of pressure exerted by the wave

  • measure of how big the compression/rarefaction are
  • corresponds to how loud the sound is

encoded as a binary number

112
Q

sound waves - frequency

A

the number of complete cycles (one compression and rarefaction) per second

  • corresponds to the pitch of the sound
  • high frequency = high pitch
113
Q

audio digitizers

A

contain circuitry to digitize sound form microphones and other audio devices

114
Q

digital audio - sample encoding

A

typically encoded as 8 or 16 or 24 bit number

115
Q

rate of sampling

A

(samples per second, Hz)

typically uses 44,100 Hz, 48,000 Hz, 96,000 Hz, etc

116
Q

digitizing sound

A

need to convert analog sound wave into digital sound wave

-done by sampling sound wave, generating sequence of discrete values representing the wave

117
Q

sample rates

A

number of samples taken per second

118
Q

bit depth

A

number of bits used per sample

119
Q

what affects the quality of the sound representation

A

both bit depth and sample rate

120
Q

CS quality sound

A

sampling rate = 44,100 sample/sec

audio bit depth = 16bits/sample * 2 tracks

44,100162=1,411,200bits/sec or 176,000 bytes/sec

average song = 3 min
32MB per song

121
Q

British dude video script

A

http://www.projectstudiohandbook.com/videos/playlists/digital-audio/what-is-digital-audio/what-is-digital-audio-script.php

122
Q

HTML

A

HyperText Markup Language

  • collection of markup tags
  • defines the various components of a WWW document
  • HTML docs are plain text (ASCII) files that can be created using any text editor; must have a .html file extension
123
Q

HTML

A

HyperText Markup Language

  • collection of markup tags
  • defines the various components of a WWW document
  • HTML docs are plain text (ASCII) files that can be created using any text editor; must have a .html file extension
124
Q

HTML tags explained

A
  • an element is a fundamental component of the structure of a text document; eg, heads, tables, paragraphs etc
  • use HTML tags to mark the elements of a file for your web browser
  • eg, <h1> and </h1>
  • NOT case sensitive
  • may include an attribute; eg,

CSC 105 (3 decks)

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