midterm spring 2024 (ch. 1-6)

Question 1

Cabeza de Vaca

Answer 1

Early Spanish explorer. He described non sedentary people in Texas and northern Mexico.

Question 2

Queen Isabel of Castile

Answer 2

Promoted the explorations of Columbus to enrich her kingdom.

Question 3

Hernán Cortés

Answer 3

Spanish leader. Found the Aztec Empire. He had already dealt with indigenous Americans for 15 years.

Question 4

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 4

Leader of the Peruvian expedition. Conquistador; he took the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, hostage in 1532.

Question 5

Moctezuma

Answer 5

Mexica leader, Aztec emperor. He was unaware of “what” or “who” the Spaniards were.

Question 6

Bartolomé de las Casas

Answer 6

Religious champion of the indigenous people. He was universally educated and sought fortune. He returned to Spain to protect indigenous Americans from the encomienda system.

Question 7

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Answer 7

The most celebrated woman of colonial Latin America. She was a Mexican nun because she had to choose to either marry or become a nun. She criticized male condemnations of women’s sexual morality.

Question 8

Xica de Silva

Answer 8

She was a mixed-race slave who became the mistress of a diamond contractor.

Question 9

King João

Answer 9

He fled with his family to Brazil. He made his court in Rio de Janeiro.

Question 10

Miguel Hidalgo

Answer 10

Creole priest. He presented the rivalry between Creoles and Peninsulars as a unanimous Spanish American revolt against Spain. He was beheaded.

Question 11

José María Morelos

Answer 11

A mestizo man. He wanted to end slavery, the caste system, and the tribute paid by indigenous people. He was also executed.

Question 12

Tupac Amarú II

Answer 12

Led an indigenous rebellion in Peru.

Question 13

Simón Bolívar

Answer 13

“The Liberator.” He led the Venezuelan independence struggle.

Question 14

José de San Martín

Answer 14

Led a surprise attack similar to Bolívar’s to defeat Chilean royalists.

Question 15

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Answer 15

Argentine caudillo. People had to wear red ribbons to show their support; he was a violent caudillo.

Question 16

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Answer 16

Venezuelan caudillo. He was of mixed race and rose to power during the wars of independence.

Question 17

Francisco Morazán

Answer 17

Honduran. His antichurch measures were unpopular so another conservative caudillo overtook him.

Question 18

Pedro I

Answer 18

Caudillo in Brazil. He thought of himself as a liberal, but he had more of an authoritarian approach to ruling.

Question 19

Empress Leopoldina

Answer 19

Well-known woman in Brazil.

Question 20

Manuela de Rosas

Answer 20

Daughter of Encarnación Ezcurra. After her mother’s passing, she stepped in to manage the public relations of her father, Rosas.

Question 21

Camila O’Gorman

Answer 21

Friend of Manuela who had a huge scandal.

Question 22

Benito Juárez

Answer 22

An orphan who left his Zapotec village to practice Spanish and study law. First indigenous man to govern a Mexican state.

Question 23

Melchor Ocampo

Answer 23

Mestizo man. He was a young man and he exemplified a kind of liberal leadership.

Question 23

Maximilian and Carlota

Answer 23

Maximilian was brought to Mexico by conservatives who convinced him that the people wanted him. However, they were not convinced to follow him. He was executed when he refused to leave Mexico and his wife returned to Europe where she went insane.

Question 24

William Walker

Answer 24

He was a man from the U.S. who went to Central America. He was a fundamentalist Christian. He made himself president of Nicaragua. However, he was soon executed and caused the disapproval of the Liberal Party for decades.

Question 25

Juana Manuela Gorriti

Answer 25

Argentine woman whose writings gained her fame. Her writings were mainly for women. She went through a divorce, but her popularity allowed her to be accepted into society.

Question 25

Bartolomé Mitre

Answer 25

A “liberal” writer. He was skilled in writing, translation, and public speaking. He served Buenos Aires and became president of a united Argentina.

Question 26

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

Answer 26

An anti-rosita who became a director of schools. He is known as the most influential Latin American liberal of all. He wrote a classic denunciation of caudillo rule in Spanish America. He succeeded Mitre as president.

Question 27

Joaquim Nabuco

Answer 27

A leading abolitionist in the 1880s. He viewed slavery as an obstacle to Progress.

Question 28

Liberalism

Answer 28

Limited government and economic laissez-faire.

Question 29

Nationalism

Answer 29

The idea that everyone should be part of a nation, and nations should rule themselves.

Question 30

The Encounter

Answer 30

The meeting of native Americans and Europeans.

Question 31

Pampas

Answer 31

Nonsedentary peoples who gave their name to the Argentine grasslands.

Question 32

Non-sedentary

Answer 32

Mobile, hunters, and gatherers; kept groups small and kept social organization simple.

Question 33

Semi-sedentary

Answer 33

Forest peoples. They were also hunters, but also relied on agriculture.

Question 34

Fully-sedentary

Answer 34

Permanent settlements on high plateaus. Their societies were more complex and created great empires.

Question 35

Tupi-Tupinambá

Answer 35

Forest-dwelling. They are the best-known indigenous people of Brazilian history. The organized themselves by tribes and gender roles.

Question 36

Inca Empire

Answer 36

They spoke Quechua.

Question 37

Aztec Empire

Answer 37

The people were called the Mexicas.

Question 38

Tenochtitlan

Answer 38

An amazing city built by the Aztecs. This city astonished Spanish explorers.

Question 39

Mayas

Answer 39

Central America.

Question 40

Iberia/Iberians

Answer 40

Mountainous land. Known as a “bridge” between Europe and Africa.

Question 41

Reconquest of Iberia

Answer 41

The Christian reconquest of Iberia shaped the institutions and mentality of the Spanish and Portuguese.

Question 42

Encomienda

Answer 42

Conquerors were rewarded with people; indigenous people were “entrusted” to each conqueror.

Question 43

Silver mining

Answer 43

It reshaped Mexican and Peruvian society. These areas became a focus for the Spanish.

Question 44

Royal Fifth

Answer 44

A 20 percent tax on mining. It was the prime source of revenue for the Spanish state.

Question 45

Viceroy/Viceroyalty

Answer 45

Colonial governments. These areas were called viceroyalties and viceroys were sent from Spain to rule in the King’s name.

Question 46

Sugar plantations

Answer 46

Sugar was the crop of Brazil. Taxes on sugar was the prime source of revenue in Brazil.

Question 47

Hegemony

Answer 47

Colonial control of Latin America. It was a kind of domination that implied a measure of consent by those at the bottom.

Question 48

Patriarchy

Answer 48

Hegemonic force. The general principle that fathers rule.

Question 49

Transculturation

Answer 49

Lies at the origin of LTAM’s national cultures. Give-and-take.

Question 50

Bandeirantes

Answer 50

Frontiersmen, their base was the mission town of São Paulo.

Question 51

Bourbon/Pombaline Reforms

Answer 51

These reforms aimed to rationalize and modernize the governance of overseas dominions by making them act more like colonies.

Question 52

Caste system

Answer 52

All about pedigree; Corresponding with people’s race, education, clothing, and most importantly, wealth.

Question 53

Haitian Revolution

Answer 53

Slave uprising that crushed the master class and defeated several French armies sent to repress it.

Question 54

Creoles

Answer 54

Native-born whites

Question 55

Peninsulars

Answer 55

Spanish birth.

Question 56

Americanos

Answer 56

All born in Mexico were “Americanos”

Question 57

Postcolonialism

Answer 57

The first governments of independent Spanish America suffered from a lack of resources and many obstacles.

Question 58

Patronage politics

Answer 58

Corruption in the political system. Patronage flowed through personal relationships.

Question 59

Caudillo leadership

Answer 59

A party’s national leader.

Question 60

Regency

Answer 60

The child emperor in Brazil had regents to rule in his name.

Question 61

Costumbrismo

Answer 61

Writers created national self-portraits by describing a region’s dance, dress, and ordinary lives of the people.

Question 62

Caste War of Yucatán

Answer 62

Mayans rose up to cleanse their land of white and mestizo invaders.

Question 63

Guano

Answer 63

Peru’s guano boom. Guano was the old fertilizer from the Inca days, seabird manure. It was nitrogen-rich and popular with Europeans.

Question 64

Fueros

Answer 64

Broad legal exemption for the clergy. They charged fees for religious services and Mexicans had to pay a tenth of their income to the Church.

Question 65

Ultramontane Catholicism

Answer 65

This became official Catholic policy. Militant priests from Spain refused to accept government control over ecclesiastical affairs.

Question 66

“Free Birth” Law

Answer 66

Enacted by the conservative government due to pressure from liberal forces. Slaves would remain slaves, but their children would be born free.

Question 67

Triple Alliance War

Answer 67

Brazil consolidated the Argentine state and liquidated Paraguay. Brazil and Argentina carved off Paraguayan territory to compensate themselves for the war.