Midterm Spring 2022 Flashcards
Cuius regio, eius religio
Means: the ruler determines the religion.
A divided germany under the rule of pro-catholic Charles V lead to the legalization of Lutheranism and Catholicism.
Enacted during the Peace of Augsburg.
What is the discontinuity argument?
The idea that the reformation was corrupted by the post reformers.
This belief states that the reformation was an island that stood on its own.
For example, the scholastic method used by Perkins and Owens corrupted the previous teachings.
3 reasons the Discontinuity argument is flawed:
- Its based on a simplistic reading of primary sources.
- most didnt read more than a few examples of post reformer wtitings. - Luther and Calvin were not the only ones impacting the reformation.
- there were numerous people who affected the reformation. (The forgotten majority) - There is a wider historical context.
- similarities and differences exist in all periods against the larger Catholic tradition.
Define scholasticism:
Scholasticism is a method of discourse.
It is an academic style which uses a Q&A format as a tool to allow different groups to use similar terms and methods to be able to engage in debate or discourse.
It is a specific educational category, rather than a specific form or content.
Define Humanism:
Humanism attempts to retrieve classical learning and apply it to the modern world.
Most commonly associated with the Renaissance period.
Ad fontes
Ad Fontes
Latin for “to the fountain” or “to the sources.”
Knowledge is found when you go to the source.
Renaissance humanism says the key to human flourishing is through the reapportionment of ancient tools/civilization.
What is the proper way to understand reformed scholasticism?
What the reformation initiates the post reformation solidifies and expands.
Athanasius, Augustine, Aquinas, and Anselm are as important in understanding Turretin (for example) as Calvin and Luther.
Without the formalization of the reformation Calvin and Luthers work would be incomplete.
3 reasons the post reformation leaders were so important to the reformation:
The post reformers set up the infrastructure of the church.
- Polemical- a concern for content which developed a more technical style of theological discourse in order to train pastors and leaders.
- Pedagogical needs- a concern for education. It is the how to present the information to teachers and leaders.
- Ecclesiastical needs- a concern for churches.
- the writing of creeds and confessions protected and identified boundries of reformed orthodoxy.
Johan Tetzel
Was a traveling salesman for Rome advertising the selling of indulgences.
“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the souls from purgatory spring.”
This catapulted Luther to his 95 theses.
Luthers ninety-five theses:
Luther listed 95 matters of debate surrounding the question of whether the Pope could alleviate suffering in purgatory.
He believed the selling of indulgences circumvented the process of repentance.
Theses 1: the entire life of the believer is marked by repentance.
Theses 2: repentance is not penance. It is not a practice or ceremony, but rather an internal act where we place ourselves before God.
Diet of Worms
1521
Luther is called to give an account of his works to an imperial court.
He is asked to repent and given one day to consider, which he refuses.
Condemned as a heretic.
Junker Jorge
Luther hides in the Wartburg castle taking this name.
During this time he translates the New Testament into German.
Comes out of hiding due to the peadants revolt.
Peasants Revolt:
A revolt which causes Luther to come out of hiding at the Wartburg.
Many claimed to be prophets with special revelation calling for judgement on the church. This causes an insurrection.
They had no need for the Bible. They spoke on behalf of God.
Heidelberg Disputation sections:
There are 28 theses in total.
Section 1: (1-12) focuses in the works of men.
Section 2: (13-18) focuses on the nature of the will.
Section 3: (19-24) focuses on the theology of glory and the theology of the cross.
Section 4: (25-28) focuses on the love of God.
Section 1 of Heidelberg Disputation:
The works of men.
Argues that human works have no intrinsic merit before God.
Our best works are at best mortal sins and damn us.
Contrasts law and grace where the law brings wrath and condemnation, not mercy and grace.
- the law accuses and the gospel frees.
Section 2 of Heidelberg Disputation:
Focuses on the nature of the will.
The will is corrupt due to sin. A corrupt will acts only in a corrupt manner.
(No free will)
A bad tree produces bad fruit.
You have to know youre a sinner before you can know your need for a savior.
What was Calvin’s “forms of prayer” and what individual prayers did it include?
The “forms of prayer” would serve as a model for praying in the morning, evening, and throughout the day.
Prayer for the morning
Prayer on preparing to go to school
Blessing at the Table
Thanksgiving after meat
Prayer at night on going to sleep
Who was Martin Cordier?
Calvin studied under him at the College de la Marche.
Calvin regards his teaching as having such an effect on him that he claims any good he did was because of Cordier’s impact on him.
Was a humanist who believed in the recovery of the ancient languages in order to study ancient sources.
Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
Attended College de Montaigu mere days after Calvin.
Was one of the most important counter-reformation theologians.
Became the founder of the Jesuit movement as a Spanish Roman Catholic.
He was the leading humanist Roman Catholic.
Who was Melchior Volmar?
A greek scholar who was influenced by Luther. (Speaking greek was scandalius to Rome)
Calvin meets him during his time at University of Bourges.
Calvin dedicated his Commentary on 2 Cor. To Volmaire.
The four points in Calvin’s Preface to his Commentary on Psalms.
- Calvin frames the Christian life in terms of the providence of God.
- we live under the governance of a wise and good God. - Understands conversion in terms of God’s supernatural work.
- conversion must take place before faith and repentance are possible. - Frames the Christian life in terms if piety.
- piety is a mixture of fear, love, and obedience. - In terms of teaching
- within a year others were coming to him despite the fact he was a beginner.
Who was Martin Bucer?
Bucer was the architect of the Swiss Reformation.
Calvin desired to study under Bucer however circumstances lead him to stay in Geneva.
After being kicked out of Geneva Calvin goes to Bucer in Strasbourg. Bucer accuses Calvin of being “a Jonah”.
(Afterall Calvin was running away from his calling as a pastor)
Calvin learns to be a pastor and serve refugees under Bucer in Strasbourg.
The Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Calvin writes in 1536.
One of the most important theological books in Christian history.
Was initially written to encourage persecuted Protestants in France.
The institutes is broken down into four books.
The four books of Calvin’s Institutes on the Christian Religion.
Book one: knowing God as creator.
Two: knowing God as redeemer in Christ.
Three: focuses on the Christian life in union with Christ. (The double benefit of salvation snd sanctification)
Four: focus is on the society of Christ or the church and the means of grace.
(Preaching on the work of the local church, sacraments, and civil government)
