Midterm Short Answer Flashcards
1
Q
Malleus Maleficarum
A
“The Hammer of the Witches”
- women are fragile
- light minded, impressionable, have slippery tongues, weak and wicked - Eve was the first to sin (imperfect rib)
- quick to waiver faith
- angry and impatient
- great kingdoms are overthrown by women
- liar
- more ready to receive disembodied spirit
- devil can corrupt them easier (seduce) - Weak memories, feebler in mind and body
- intellectually like children, imperfect animal
- carnal lust - God was a man, so men can’t suffer because they are created in his image
- Powers: hailstorms, lightning, kill/eat children/people, transport through air, affect judges, cause sterility, indoctrinate love/hatred, rejected God, not intellectual
2
Q
Interrogation of Suzanne Gundry
A
- questioned twice then tortured, confessed first 2 times, denied 3rd, story changed each time
- false confessions based on the level of torture
- questioned about age, origin, and parents (idea that witchcraft could be based on age, family, and learned behaviors (cultural/societal)) - Devil was her “lover”
- “connection” to the Devil, made his mark on her shoulder, made to renounce God - Strangled her, burned + burried her in the woods
- gave names of others that she “saw” at the dance to avoid torture
How is it related: the accused would be tortured until they got the answer they wanted, renouncing their faith (relation to God), owning more than the norm, indirect violence, powers and potions
3
Q
Appolonia Glaitter
A
- a woman’s sense of identity was strengthened as they got older, which could have been threatening to men - was accused of being a witch since she was in her 20s but wasn’t tried until she was an older woman
- relied on the support of her husband. her last husband was seen not supporting her in public
- may be a link between being declared a witch and “unmaternal behavior” - lake oc maternal instinct was associated with emotional hardness which equals being a witch - appolonia had given a child away in her youth and one was born dead?
- neighbors felt she prospered at their expense, she was more skilled than neighbor at ploughing and was able to get a response from an ill steer (jealous)
4
Q
Beliefs about Werewolves
A
- sexual aggression/murder in animal form (look beastly)
- what a man should be vs. what their nature cared for
- Both Werewolves and Witches
- devil based, sexual, wore leather belt, dance with the devil, killed babies/livestock
- gender roles are changes as men are more feminin. Females are more masculine
- gender roles are reversed (Power)
5
Q
Legal Systems - Witch Trials
A
- by 1500, courts became inquisitorial (not accusatorial) and gained the right to torture
- needed confession bc actual evidence was difficult, if not impossible, to obtain
- secular courts heard witchcraft charges
Results: before 1400, 50% were men, mostly in germany, 80% of accused were women (between 45-60 years and single at time of prosecution), 90% of executed were women
6
Q
Catherine the Great
A
- ruled 1762-1796
- how did she take power: husband Peter was murdered by her lover
- Critique by Shcherbatov: usurping political power, sexual “excess,” not following reason (acting like a man)
7
Q
Revolutionary Masculinity
A
x
8
Q
Petition of Women the Third Estate
A
- women were asking for rules, education (not to challenge men, to be more womanly)
- so poverty doesn’t force women into prostitution
- want to practice gentleness, modesty, patience, charity - women are either pretty and seduced to a sinful life or ugly and doomed to hardship
- ask that men not be allowed to take up jobs associated with women (ex. seamstress, shopkeeper) - will never handle “compass or the square” if given the needle/spindle - want for prostitutes to have to wear a mark that identifies them so that women who aren’t prostitutes aren’t embarassed by men (women dress in the same color)
9
Q
French Rules of Dueling (1832)
A
- can only use sabre, sword, or pistol - offended party has choice - also is the injured party, unless they throw a punch
- offended party decides if apology is good enough - duel has to happen within 48 hrs of offense - if not sufficient offense, “offended” party becomes aggresor
- 2 seconds between pistols and sabres, 1 second with sword - groups can’t duel, must send representative, older man must apologize or send younger man
- no apology after first blow is thrown
5 when honor is threatened - want to participate in violence in a controlled manner
- women shouldn’t fight for themselves, women v. women acting outside the normal ideology of women (usually resort to verbal violence) - WHY: made citizens independent but also part of society (if you were fighting for yourself you were fighting for your country), way to prove masculinity, defend honor, loyalty, way of taking law into own hands - societal norm of men being superior
10
Q
Founding of the Boy Scouts
A
- loyalty to king, country, parents and employers
- shaping young boys to be soldiers, self sacrifice (imperial scouts), inspired by peter pan, Boer War created anxiety (duty + responsibility), focused on urban poor
- gave young boys/men structure, skills, and discipline
- was meant to convince boys to self sacrifice themselves for the weak and the good of the people - prevented drinking
- fraternity
- linked to militarism, preserve Australia’s security, normally fighting for GB, not Australia, Australia in debt to GB (“Old Boys” set example), minimum age of 12
11
Q
Athleticism and Austrailian Public Schools
A
1 Athleticism was promoted in schools for good morals, but changed to militarism bc of the threat to the British Empire
- Public schools had a high number of boys investing because of focus on athleticism/militarism
- athleticism enhanced education, then became a detriment, so focus changed to military to help GB (academics also military knowledge)
- Before 1900s, sports were defeat or victory. After 1900, sports became much more serious - easy transition from athleticism to military
- language, education - dulce et decorum - sacrificial memorialisation
- was banned in schools, but was tricked that they were playing sports when they were training for military combat (was a scam)
- out of fear of Asian invasion (taking jobs) - supported by white australian policy of 1901
12
Q
J.M. Barrie and Peter Pan
A
- Peter Pan embodied the youths that didn’t come home from the Boer War
- Fear of growing up - childhood stays with you forever
- portrayed youth as dangerous - led to Boy Scouts to promote manhood
(youth = dangerous, selfish; JM Barrie = creepy) - Peter pan has no morality other than self interest and avoids becoming a man
- problems with mental health, toxic masculinity, boys afraid of growing up (pedophilia, transgenerism?)
- boys were afraid to grow up, peter pan perceived the idea of a boy-man
- 30 y/o female actress (1st production) - peter couldn’t grow into a man bc he was already a full-grown woman (if woman, he could never grow up and become a man - becoming a man was the worst thing ever)
- was wicked, “we hope our sons die like englishmen (lost boys)”
13
Q
Pre-Industrial Revolution Family Structure
A
- families worked as a collective unit, all members contributed to wealth/stability (makeshif work - wool, lace), members all depended on each other
- tasks were divided into gender-specific categories (public/private spheres)
- marriage/sex controlled by the community, marriage choice did exist (bundling), marriage was about co-dependnecy
14
Q
Women Workers in Lyon
A
- Realities
- 13/14 work days
- diseases (silkworms, lung diseases)
- hot temperature
- physically dangerous (looms, straps)
- male control
- suicide - How did reality impact structures of families?
- shift to wage earning
- care for children (increase in child mortality, little opportunity to breastfeed), started work at 8/9 yrs old
- double burden of housework and outside work
- vicious cycle
15
Q
Contagious Disease Acts Background
A
- three stances on prostitution (temptress whose sin needs to be eradicated, vangelical pity for women who were victimes of man’s lust and own sin, social science: necessary but should be regulated - can tax and make money, will produce children who are also prostitutes)
- “Fallen Women” include common law wives, single mothers, rape victimes, and prostitutes (not all are prostitutes, but prostitution bled into other groups)
- way to supplement income (laungry, needlework, domestic services)
- higher wages, better clothes, limited work hours (women who were prostitutes)
