Midterm - seminar #1 Flashcards
What’s the species & family name of cereals?
Species - Monocots
Family - grass family (Poaceae)
3 main morphologycharacteristics of cereals
Fibrous root system
grass stem
leaf of grasses
Barley - Hordeum
Wheat - Triticum
Rye - Secale
Oat - Avena
Spike (without pedicels)
Panicle (with pedicels)
Nutrient content of cereal grains:
- energy content
- Fatty acids
- Protein
- Fibers
- Phosphorus
- Vitamines
What’s the latin name of wheat?
Triticum aestivum
Identify!
Wheat - Triticum aestivum
ssp. muticum
ssp. aristatum
Nutritive value of wheat?
Highest protein content among cereals (13-15%), moderate biological value
Gluten = gliadin (75%) + glutenin (25%)
Antinutritive compounds and effects of wheat:
- Gluten
Gluten -> autoantibodies -> coeliac desease (gluten sensitivity)
Antinutritive compounds and effects of wheat:
- arabinoxylan
arabinoxylan -> large quantities (20%< poultry) in the meal -> gelling effect -> sticky faeces (IBS – Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
Identify
T. monococcum – einkorn
Identify
T. dicoccum – emmer
Identify
T. spelta – spelt
What’s the latin name of Rye?
Secale cereale
Identify
Secale cereale - Rye
Nutritive value of Rye
Less protein but more lysine compared to wheat
Lower gluten content (with secalin protein)
Antinutritve compounds and effects of Rye
Gluten, phytates -> autoantibodies -> coeliac desease (gluten sensitivity)
Higher arabinoxylan and pectin content -> gelling effect
In large quantity (15%
Ergot body infection
What’s the latin name of Barley?
Hordeum vulgare
six rowed (winter)
*H. distichon” – two rowed (spring) barley”
Nutritive value of Barley
Low gluten content but with hordein protein
High proportion of fiber content (4-5%)
Antinutritive compounds and effects of Barley
β-glucan -> gelling effects, sticky faeces for poultry, laxative for pigs
Straw and glumes can hurt the mouth -> actynomycosis
Identify
Hordeum vulgare – six rowed (winter) Barley
Identify
Avena sativa – Oat
What’s the latin name of Oat?
Avena sativa
Nutritive value of oat
Palatable and well digestable carbohydrates
High fiber content (10-12%)
Moderate proportion of NSC compounds: arabinoxylan
Richest in essential fatty acids (5%)
High protein content, good amino acid pattern – gluten free!
Low energy - dietetic
High P, vitamin E, B1 content
Antinutritive compounds and effects of oat
Phytates, arabinoxylan (gelling effect, laxative)
What’s the latin name of corn/maize?
Zea mays
Identify
Corn / Maize
Latin name of dent corn
convarietas dentiformis
Large, soft, floury endosperms -> dented after drying - For forage only
Latin name of flint corn
convarietas vulgaris
Mainly hard, glassy endosperm
Soft and hard types, food industry (flour, grist)
Latin name of popcorn
convarietas microsperma
Glassy endosperm, smaller, pearl-like grains Human consumption, sometimes forage for rodents
Latin name of sweet corn
convarietas saccharata
High sugar, wrinkled, raisin-like
Common vegetable, salad
Nutritive value of corn
Highest energy content – high starch and fat (many
polyunsaturated fatty acids e.g.: linolic acid)
Lowest proportion of protein (9-10%): mainly zein
Low proportion of essential amino acids (lysine, triptophan)
Low proportion of fiber
Carotinoids -> coloring effect, yellow egg yolk
antinutritive effect of corn
Small amount of vitamin B3 -> previously pellagra (black tongue) disease -> skin irritation, CNS damage
what kind of forage uses Grains of corn
(on or without cob)
Formerly, today rarely in small farms
For pigs and ruminants
what kind of forage uses Silage corn – whole plant
Forage for dairy cows
what kind of forage uses Green corn – whole plant?
Fresh forage for cattle
(Leads to distension for horses)
what kind of forage uses CCM (Corn Cob Mix)
Mainly for pigs
Identify
Sorghum bicolor – grain sorghum
Identify
Sorghum x drummondii – sudan grass
*a hybrid-derived species of grass raised for forage and grain
Nutritive value of Sorghum bicolor
similar to barley, but contains more energy, less protein, and higher proportion of essential amino acids
Nutritive value of Sorghum x drummondii
similar to corn with more protein
Antinutritive compounds and effects of Sorghum
Dhurrin cyanogenic glycosides
Mainly in young stem and leaves
Release hidrogen cyanide (HCN) -> Inhibition of cell respiration
“Triticale” is a hybrid of?
Triticosecale/triticale =
Triticum x Secale hybrid
Mainly used as a forage for dogs and cats (game species)
What’s the latin name of the common millet
Panicum miliaceum
*Bird food, straw for horses, ruminants
What’s the latin name of the italian millet
Setaria italica
*Bird food, grinded for cattle, as hay for horses
Identify
Phalaris canariensis – canary grass
*Bird food
What’s the latin name of rice?
Oryza sativa
what’s the common name of Fagopyrum esculentum?
Buckwheat
