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Botany > Midterm - seminar #1 > Flashcards

Midterm - seminar #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the species & family name of cereals?

A

Species - Monocots

Family - grass family (Poaceae)

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2
Q

3 main morphologycharacteristics of cereals

A

Fibrous root system

grass stem

leaf of grasses

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3
Q
A

Barley - Hordeum

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4
Q
A

Wheat - Triticum

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5
Q
A

Rye - Secale

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6
Q
A

Oat - Avena

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7
Q
A

Spike (without pedicels)

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8
Q
A

Panicle (with pedicels)

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9
Q

Nutrient content of cereal grains:

  • energy content
  • Fatty acids
  • Protein
  • Fibers
  • Phosphorus
  • Vitamines
A
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10
Q

What’s the latin name of wheat?

A

Triticum aestivum

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11
Q

Identify!

A

Wheat - Triticum aestivum

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12
Q
A

ssp. muticum

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13
Q
A

ssp. aristatum

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14
Q

Nutritive value of wheat?

A

Highest protein content among cereals (13-15%), moderate biological value

Gluten = gliadin (75%) + glutenin (25%)

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15
Q

Antinutritive compounds and effects of wheat:

  • Gluten
A

Gluten -> autoantibodies -> coeliac desease (gluten sensitivity)

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16
Q

Antinutritive compounds and effects of wheat:

  • arabinoxylan
A

arabinoxylan -> large quantities (20%< poultry) in the meal -> gelling effect -> sticky faeces (IBS – Irritable Bowel Syndrome)

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17
Q

Identify

A

T. monococcum – einkorn

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18
Q

Identify

A

T. dicoccum – emmer

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19
Q

Identify

A

T. spelta – spelt

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20
Q

What’s the latin name of Rye?

A

Secale cereale

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21
Q

Identify

A

Secale cereale - Rye

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22
Q

Nutritive value of Rye

A

Less protein but more lysine compared to wheat

Lower gluten content (with secalin protein)

23
Q

Antinutritve compounds and effects of Rye

A

Gluten, phytates -> autoantibodies -> coeliac desease (gluten sensitivity)
Higher arabinoxylan and pectin content -> gelling effect

In large quantity (15%

Ergot body infection

24
Q

What’s the latin name of Barley?

A

Hordeum vulgare

six rowed (winter)

*H. distichon” – two rowed (spring) barley”

25
Q

Nutritive value of Barley

A

Low gluten content but with hordein protein

High proportion of fiber content (4-5%)

26
Q

Antinutritive compounds and effects of Barley

A

β-glucan -> gelling effects, sticky faeces for poultry, laxative for pigs

Straw and glumes can hurt the mouth -> actynomycosis

27
Q

Identify

A

Hordeum vulgare – six rowed (winter) Barley

28
Q

Identify

A

Avena sativa – Oat

29
Q

What’s the latin name of Oat?

A

Avena sativa

30
Q

Nutritive value of oat

A

Palatable and well digestable carbohydrates

High fiber content (10-12%)

Moderate proportion of NSC compounds: arabinoxylan

Richest in essential fatty acids (5%)

High protein content, good amino acid pattern – gluten free!

Low energy - dietetic

High P, vitamin E, B1 content

31
Q

Antinutritive compounds and effects of oat

A

Phytates, arabinoxylan (gelling effect, laxative)

32
Q

What’s the latin name of corn/maize?

A

Zea mays

33
Q

Identify

A

Corn / Maize

34
Q

Latin name of dent corn

A

convarietas dentiformis

Large, soft, floury endosperms -> dented after drying - For forage only

35
Q

Latin name of flint corn

A

convarietas vulgaris

Mainly hard, glassy endosperm
Soft and hard types, food industry (flour, grist)

36
Q

Latin name of popcorn

A

convarietas microsperma

Glassy endosperm, smaller, pearl-like grains Human consumption, sometimes forage for rodents

37
Q

Latin name of sweet corn

A

convarietas​ saccharata

High sugar, wrinkled, raisin-like

Common vegetable, salad

38
Q

Nutritive value of corn

A

Highest energy content – high starch and fat (many

polyunsaturated fatty acids e.g.: linolic acid)

Lowest proportion of protein (9-10%): mainly zein

Low proportion of essential amino acids (lysine, triptophan)

Low proportion of fiber

Carotinoids -> coloring effect, yellow egg yolk

39
Q

antinutritive effect of corn

A

Small amount of vitamin B3 -> previously pellagra (black tongue) disease -> skin irritation, CNS damage

40
Q

what kind of forage uses Grains of corn

(on or without cob)

A

Formerly, today rarely in small farms

For pigs and ruminants

41
Q

what kind of forage uses Silage corn – whole plant

A

Forage for dairy cows

42
Q

what kind of forage uses Green corn – whole plant?

A

Fresh forage for cattle

(Leads to distension for horses)

43
Q

what kind of forage uses CCM (Corn Cob Mix)

A

Mainly for pigs

44
Q

Identify

A

Sorghum bicolor – grain sorghum

45
Q

Identify

A

Sorghum x drummondii – sudan grass

*a hybrid-derived species of grass raised for forage and grain

46
Q

Nutritive value of Sorghum bicolor

A

similar to barley, but contains more energy, less protein, and higher proportion of essential amino acids

47
Q

Nutritive value of Sorghum x drummondii

A

similar to corn with more protein

48
Q

Antinutritive compounds and effects of Sorghum

A

Dhurrin cyanogenic glycosides

Mainly in young stem and leaves

Release hidrogen cyanide (HCN) -> Inhibition of cell respiration

49
Q

“Triticale” is a hybrid of?

A

Triticosecale/triticale =

Triticum x Secale hybrid

Mainly used as a forage for dogs and cats (game species)

50
Q

What’s the latin name of the common millet

A

Panicum miliaceum

*Bird food, straw for horses, ruminants

51
Q

What’s the latin name of the italian millet

A

Setaria italica

*Bird food, grinded for cattle, as hay for horses

52
Q

Identify

A

Phalaris canariensis – canary grass

*Bird food

53
Q

What’s the latin name of rice?

A

Oryza sativa

54
Q

what’s the common name of Fagopyrum esculentum?

A

Buckwheat

Botany (3 decks)

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