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9th grade history > Midterm: Romans, Early Russia, Christianity, East African Trading States and Mongol Empire > Flashcards

Midterm: Romans, Early Russia, Christianity, East African Trading States and Mongol Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

Plebians

A

The Roman lower classes

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2
Q

Patricians

A

The Roman upper classes

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3
Q

Punic wars

A

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC.

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4
Q

What was the Roman government’s structure?

A

The Roman government was split into three parts: the Senate, the Assemblies, and the Consuls.

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5
Q

Consuls

A

2 annually elected leaders who were chief executives and commanders of the army.

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6
Q

Senate

A

A body of 300 (later 600) members who advised elected officials, controlled public finances, and handled all foreign relations.

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7
Q

Roman assemblies and tribunes

A

Elected magistrates, approved laws, tried court cases, declared war

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8
Q

How did the Romans acquire territory?

A

The Romans acquired territory with a strong army and navy. All Roman men between 17 and 46 with property were required to enlist. It also had an optimal position in the center of the Mediterranean.

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9
Q

What were the implications of the land gains of the Roman Empire?

A
  • New government institutions
  • Cultural transformation (Greek impact)
  • Physical transformation (loot and people)

New institutions, such as provincial government, were created to deal with the management of empire; culture was transformed as outside influences, especially from Greece, came into fashion in Rome; and the city itself was physically transformed by the influx of loot and people brought by successes abroad.

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10
Q

How did the Greeks influence the Romans?

A

Roman conquest of Greece led to cultural diffusion. Roman art and architecture reflected Greek ideals. Roman religion was borrowed ideas from Greece.

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11
Q

Social War

A

A war between Rome and its Italian allies from 91 to 88 BC in which Sulla rose to power. Rome won, but agreed to give citizenship to its Italian allies.

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12
Q

First Triumvirate

A

Julius Ceaser, Gnaeus Pompey, and Licinius Crassus (60 to 44 BC).

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13
Q

Julius Caesar

A

First emperor of Rome, conqueror of Gaul. (100 BC to 15 March 44 BC)

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14
Q

Octavian/Augustus

A

Augustus (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) was a Roman statesman and military leader who became the first emperor of the Roman Empire, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

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15
Q

Good Emperors

A

Nerva (reigned 96–98 CE), Trajan (98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161), and Marcus Aurelius (161–180), who presided over the most majestic days of the Roman Empire.

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16
Q

Pax Romana

A

The Pax Romana (Latin for “Roman Peace”) is a roughly 200-year-long period in Roman history which is identified with sustained peace, increased trade, strong legal system.

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17
Q

Which Roman emperors were succesful and why?

A

Augustus, Tiberius, Marcus Aurelius, Constantine and Vespasian.

Augustus: excellent political judgment.

Tiberius: good soldier and a competent administrator.

Constantine: building Constantinople, assimilating Christians.

Vespasian, for overseeing the transition from one dynasty to another, openness of this rule.

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18
Q

How did society change during the Pax Romana?

A

Increased stability

The provincial government became fairer and more efficient

The Emperor became more and more important

The cities of the Mediterranean became more uniform, imitating Rome

uniform legal system

Tenant farmers began to replace slaves

Manufacturing increased

Increased trade

Rome and Alexandria became great commercial centers

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19
Q

Roman classes and structure

A

Highly stratified

The two classes were plebians and patrcians.

Most of Roman society was poor

Roman family: patriarchal in structure

Each was headed by the paterfamilias, who controlled all aspects of the family

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20
Q

Roman culture and entertainment

A
  1. Religion: accepting of many gods.
  2. Entertainment:
    1. Circuses: bloody gladiatorial combats popular.
    2. Execution of criminals as spectacle.
    3. Chariot races
    4. Theater
  3. Education: valued by upper class Romans
  4. Health: baths were both hygeine and entertainment.
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21
Q

Judea

A

The southern part of the region of Palestine where the Jews lived during the Roman empire

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22
Q

Zealots

A

A group of Jews who rebeled against Roman occupation from 66-70 AD

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23
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A

A prophet who preached of the need to seek forgiveness for sins and was believed to be the Messiah by the Christians

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24
Q

Edict of Milan

A

Constantine’s 313 edict legalizing Christianity

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25
Q

Constantine

A

Roman emperor who established Constantinople and patronized Christianity (reigned from 306 to 337)

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26
Q

Constantinople

A

A second capital of the Roman empire established by Constantine in 330 (modern day Istanbul)

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27
Q

How did Romans differ with the Jews in their beliefs?

A

Roman pagans were polytheists while Jews were monotheists.

Roman Christians believed that Jesus was the Messiah while the Jews did not.

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28
Q

How did Christianity spread?

A

Christianity spread rapidly because of the

  1. efforts of Christian missionaries, especially Paul
  2. The Edict of Milan,
  3. The prohibition of non-Christian rituals in the Roman empire.
  4. Abandonment of certain Jewish customs
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29
Q

What were the signs of the weakening Roman Empire?

A

Inability to defeat enemies

Weak leaders

Decreasing stability

Economic troubles: inflation

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30
Q

How did Roman emperors try to arrest decline?

A
  1. Conversion into absolute monarchy (Diocletian)
  2. Division into two halves
  3. Imposition of rigid social order
  4. Increased defense size and spending
  5. New tax systems to support imperial defense
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31
Q

What led to the fall of Rome?

A
  1. Weak leaders
  2. Foreign invasion
  3. Economic troubles (inflation)
  4. Political instability
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32
Q

Justinian I

A
  1. Reigned from 527 to 565, dreamed of restoring the Roman empire
  2. Recaptured North Africa
  3. Reformed imperial administration
  4. Suppressed Nika revolt
  5. Built the Hagia Sophia
  6. Reformed Roman Law: Corpus Juris Civilis
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33
Q

Theodora

A

Justinian’s wife, co-ruler, important advisor (Nika revolt), increased women’s rights

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34
Q

Belisarius

A

Justinian’s top general who recaptured northern Africa (533-534) and suppressed the Nika revolt

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35
Q

Icons

A

Images depicting religious figures, one of the reasons of the Great Schism

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36
Q

Orthodox church

A

The Eastern church founded in 1054

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37
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

(Originally) church Justinian constructed after the Nika revolts

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38
Q

How did Justinian’s Code shape the empire?

A

Justinian’s code was the basis for a fairer and more reliable legal system

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39
Q

What was the importance of art within Byzantine culture?

A

Art allowed illiterate people to learn religion and history

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40
Q

The Great Schism

A

The split between the orthodox and catholic churches in 1054 due to doctrinal differences:

  1. Clergy could marry in the East
  2. In the East the emperor governed the church
  3. Byzantines denied the supreme authority of the pope
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41
Q

What events led to the Byzantine empire’s decline?

A
  1. Pressure from migrating tribes
  2. Internal conflict
  3. Internal corruption
  4. Incompetent emperors
  5. Conflict between military aristocracy who were provincial and the government who were located in Constantinople
  6. Invasion by Turks
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42
Q

Rus

A

The land were the Slavs along the Dnieper river lived

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43
Q

Yaroslav the Wise

A

Grand prince of the Kievian Rus from 1019 to 1054, led to many cultural and administrative improvements

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44
Q

Vladimir I

A

Grand duke of Kiev who made Christianity the state religion

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45
Q

Alexander Nevsky

A

Ruler who repelled Swedish and German invasions (both soldier and saint), 1220-1263

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46
Q

What was the impact of Cyril and Methodius?

A

2 Greek monks who converted Russia to orthodox Christianity

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47
Q

How did Christianity spread to Russia?

A
  1. Efforts of Cyril and Methodius
  2. Conversion of Vladimir I
  3. Use of the Slavonic language to celebrate mass
  4. Development of Cyrillic alphabet
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48
Q

Threats among the Russian borders

A

The Mongols, Swedes, Germans, and Tatars

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49
Q

Charles Martel

A

Charlemagne’s grandfather who was a political advisor and war leader

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50
Q

Charlemagne

A

French military leader

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51
Q

Papal states

A

region in central Italy under the control of the Pope

52
Q

Counts

A

officials who ruled various parts of Charlemagne’s empire in his name

53
Q

How did Charlemagne help Pope Leo III in 774 and 799?

A

Charlemagne defended the Pope against the Lombards and supporters of the previous pope

54
Q

What were some of Charlemagne’s reforms?

A

Charlemagne reformed education, religion, and law.

55
Q

What happened to the Frankish Empire at the end of Charlemagne’s rule?

A

Charlemagne’s grandsons faught with each other and succumbed to invasion

56
Q

Vikings

A

rural fishers and farmers from Scandinavia who increased wealth through raids

57
Q

Longships

A

wooden Viking boats that could be used to quickly cross long distances

58
Q

Leif Eriksson

A

Viking who reached North America

59
Q

Rollo

A

a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy

60
Q

Magyars

A

central Asian nomads who settled in Hungary

61
Q

What areas did the Vikings found?

A

Iceland, Normandy, and Vinland (North America)

62
Q

Why did the Vikings target monasteries?

A

Vikings targeted monasteries because the monastaries were poorly defended and the Vikings were not Christian

63
Q

Castles

A

defensive structures for nobles

64
Q

Nobles/lords

A

People who gave land to knights in exchange for protection

65
Q

Knights/vassals

A

People who received land in exchange for giving protection to their lords

66
Q

Fief

A

a grant from a lord to a knight

67
Q

Fealty

A

An oath a knight swore of loyalty

68
Q

Feudalism

A

The system of exchange of land and protection between knights and lords

69
Q

Manorialism

A

socioeconomic system in which serfs were legally bound to their land

70
Q

What were the complexities of feudalism?

A
  1. One could be both a knight and a lord
  2. One knight could serve multiple lords
  3. The rules regarding feudal obligations were specific to tiem and place
71
Q

What was life like during the Early Middle Ages?

A

Not easy, many died young, very harsh conditions

72
Q

Benedictine Rule

A

strict set of rules which monks had to abide by

73
Q

Cistercian Order

A

an extremely strict monastic order

74
Q

Simony

A

the buying and selling of church offices

75
Q

In the 900s & 1000s, what was the power of the pope? What did Leo IX do?

A

The Pope had little authority. Leo IX

  1. consolidated power,
  2. excommunicating many
  3. rooted out corruption
76
Q

Pope Gregory VII’s time in power.

A
77
Q

Muhammad

A

an Arabian merchant who became a prophet after an angel told him to speak messages from Allah (God)

78
Q

Revelations

A

the messages that Muhammad received from the angel

79
Q

Hegira

A

Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina that marks the year 1 in the Islamic calendar

80
Q

Qur’an

A

the sacred text of Islam containing Muhammad’s revelations

81
Q

Jihad

A

Arabic word meaning “struggle for faith”

82
Q

Islam

A

an Abrahamic religion founded by Muhammad

83
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A
  1. Profession of Faith (shahada)
  2. Prayer (salat).
  3. Alms (zakat).
  4. Fasting (sawm).
  5. Pilgrimage (hajj).
84
Q

Sunna

A

a record of Muhammad’s actions providing personal, business, and religious advice.\

85
Q

Sharia

A

an unstandardized Muslim legal system

86
Q

Abu Bakr

A

Muhammad’s close friend and first caliph

87
Q

Caliph

A

Muslim ruler (means “successor”)

88
Q

Caliphate

A

a Caliph’s empire

89
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

Sunni dynasty succeeding Abu Bakr that rapidly expanded Muslim influence

90
Q

Abbasid Dynasty

A

dynasty that united the Umayyad’s enemies and made the caliphate more Persian

91
Q

Division within Muslim civilization after Muhammad’s death: How did it lead to the Sunni & Shia split?

A

some wanted Ali (Muhammad’s nephew) to be the next caliph, others choose Abu Bakr

92
Q

What were Muslim advancements and achievements within arts and literature? Mathematics? Science and medicine?

A
  • Construction of observatories
  • Rewriting of star catalogs and calendars
  • Perfection of the astrolabe
  • Development of numerals
  • Development of Algebra and Trigonometry
  • Advancement of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge
  • Use of calligraphy
93
Q

Battle of Manzikert

A

1071 battle where Turks defeated the Byzantine army, Byzantine asked Pope Urban II for help

94
Q

Pope Urban’s Speech

A

Urban called people to take back the Holy Land with slogan “God wills it!”

95
Q

What was the goal of the Crusades?

A

To take back the Holy Land

96
Q

What were the economic, social, and political effects of the Crusades?

A

Increased trade between Muslim and Christian lands

Kings consolidated power

Increased xenophobia

97
Q

Animism

A

belief that elements of nature have spirits

98
Q

Griots

A

African oral storytellers

99
Q

Iron Age

A

~500 BC, iron ore refining techniques were discovered

iron allowed for people like the Nok to make superior tools and weapons

100
Q

Aksum

A

modern day Ethiopia

controlled Red Sea trade

101
Q

Ethiopia

A

Christian area which remained independent

102
Q

Swahili Coast

A

East African coast which utilized Indian Ocean monsoons to trade

103
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

Between gold mines and coast

104
Q

Mutapa

A

succeeded Great Zimbabwe

105
Q

Ghana

A

Relied on camel-based gold/salt trade

106
Q

Mali

A

succeeded Ghana, notable: Mansa Musa

107
Q

Songhai

A

rivaled Mali

108
Q

Benin

A

traded pepper, ivory, cotton, for gold

bronze, brass, and copper statues

109
Q

Period of Disunion

A

after Han Dynasty, states warred with each other from 220 to 589

110
Q

Mandate of Heavan

A

concept by which dynasties were given divine right to rule to improve the nation until they stop, when rebellion is divinely justified

111
Q

Empress Wu

A

ruled ruthlessly but well

112
Q

Buddhism

A

main social influence in China, taught of escaping suffering and achieving peace

113
Q

Taoism

A

another main philosophy in China, taught to obey the Tao (“the way”)

114
Q

Confucianism

A

Based of of Confucius’ teachings, taught of reciprocity

115
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

ended period of disunion with Wendi, centralized government, completed Grand Canal

116
Q

Tang dynasty

A

618-907, increased arts, created a strong government, increased foreign contact

117
Q

Song dynasty

A

960-1279, improved government, instituted civil service exam, invented movable type

118
Q

Steppe

A

plains in Central Asia with harsh conditions

119
Q

Pastoralists

A

nomads who move from place to place grazing their herds

120
Q

Khan

A

chief who rose through military ppower and ability to lead

121
Q

Khanate

A

region a Khan controlled

122
Q

Pax Mongolica

A

period of peace, stability, and prosperity throughout the Mongol Empire

123
Q

Marco Polo

A

Venitian trader who visited the Yuan court, where Kubilai Khan took a liking to Polo

124
Q

Mongol military

A

used horses, psychological warfare, and craftiness

125
Q

Genghis Khan and his successes

A

Unitor of the Mongols who expanded the empire the most

126
Q

How did Kubilai Khan conquer the southern Song?

A

Kubilai Khan rewarded Song armies who defected

9th grade history (1 decks)

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