Midterm Review: Random Shit

Question 1

states that building up the e- configuration of an atom. e-(s) are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in increasing order of energy

Answer 1

Aufbau Principle

Question 2

states that the two e-(s) which share an orbital cannot have the same spin. one e- must spin clockwise, and the other must spin counterclockwise

Answer 2

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Question 3

when an e- is added to a subshell, it will always occupy an empty orbital if one is available. e-(s) ALWAYS occupy orbitals singly if possible and pair up only if no empty orbitals are available

Answer 3

Hund’s Rule

Question 4

based on e- configuration and how attractive an atom is to a magnet

Answer 4

paramagnetic

Question 5

based on e- configuration and how PAIRED e-(s) are repelled by a magnet

Answer 5

diamagnetic

Question 6

occurs when inner energy level e- (core e-) block some of the positive charge from the nucleus from reaching the outermost energy level

Answer 6

shielding

Question 7

Z (effective) = Z (charge of nucleus) - S (core e-)

Answer 7

effective nuclear charge

Question 8

the approximate distance from the nucleus of an atom to its valence e-

Answer 8

atomic radius

Question 9

left to right in a period AR _______

Answer 9

decreases, p+ are being added but in the same shell

Question 10

moving down in a group AR _______

Answer 10

increases, more shells of e-, more p+, but shielding cancels

Question 11

cations are ______ than atoms

Answer 11

smaller; e- removed cause outer shell to be lost; e- lost = less repulsion

Question 12

anions are ______ than atoms

Answer 12

larger; e- being added, valence being added; e- replusion increases

Question 13

same as AR but metals differ from nonmetals; deals w/ cations and anions; cations are smaller while anions are larger

Answer 13

ionic radii

Question 14

the same as binding energy; the energy required to remove an e- from an atom

Answer 14

ionization energy (IE)

Question 15

moving across a period, IE _______

Answer 15

increases; p+ added to nucleus, valence e- more attracted, takes more energy

Question 16

down a group IE ________

Answer 16

decreases; shells of e- are added, inner shells shields the distant ones, reducing pull; p+ being added but shielding cancels the p+

Question 17

why is the second IE greater than the first?

Answer 17

e- removed causes repulsion to decrease and increase attractiveness of p+ to valence e-

Question 18

as e- are being removed, IE increases 1. _______ until the shell is 2. _____, then makes a 3. _____ jump

Answer 18

1. gradually
2. empty
3. big

Question 19

when the valence shell is empty, the next e- must come from a shell much _____ to the nucleus; IE is larger than the previous one

Answer 19

closer

Question 20

refers to how strongly the nucleus of an atom attracts the e-(s) of other atoms in a bond

Answer 20

electronegativity

Question 21

electronegativity is affected by 2 factors

a) the 1. ______ the atom, the more effectively its 2. ______ _______ will be felt past its outer energy level
b) the 3. _______ the atom is to having 4. ___ energy level the more likely it is to 5. ________ the necessary e- to complete that level

Answer 21

1. smaller
2. nuclear charge
3. closer
4. full
5. attract

Question 22

left to right across a periodic table, EN ______

Answer 22

increases

Question 23

down a group, EN _______

Answer 23

decreases

Question 24

the amount of energy that an e- has depends on its distance from the atom

Answer 24

coulomb’s law

Question 25

the greater the charge of an atom, the more energy it will have (e- have the same amount of charge)

Answer 25

basically coulombic potential energy is considered to be at 0 for a distance infinity, PE of 1s (more negative) brings the CPE to zero unlike 3s

Question 26

for an e- to move from an energy level close to the nucleus to an energy level far from it needs to ______ energy (takes energy)

Answer 26

gain

Question 27

for an e- to move from an energy level far away from the nucleus to an energy level close to it needs to ______ energy (easy to do)

Answer 27

lose

Question 28

why can’t a single atom of hydrogen produce all four spectral lines simultaneously

Answer 28

a single atom of hydrogen cannot jump b/c it can’t get to the rest. it can only jump once and show one color