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Church History > Midterm Review (Flashcards + Notes) > Flashcards

Midterm Review (Flashcards + Notes)

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1
Q

Predestination

A

the belief that God, before creation, chose some people to be saved, not because of anything good in them, but only because of his sovereign good pleasure

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2
Q

Who sided with predestination?

A

Augustine

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3
Q

Sola Fide

A

grace is received by faith alone, rejects heresy of works-righteousness

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4
Q

Origen of Alexandria

A

opposed Tertullian, said philosophy couldn’t provide a saving knowledge of God and had no ability to cure son, believed in allegorical scripture interpretation

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5
Q

The Shepard of Hermas

A

a document considered scripture by many church fathers, apocalyptic similar to Revelations, encouraging proper Christian living under persecution

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6
Q

Tri-theism

A

a heresy suggesting that the trinity is actually three separate Gods

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7
Q

The Internal Historical Reliability Test

A

Is the writing credible?
Are there contradictions or factual inaccuracies?
Does the author tell the truth?
Does it contain eyewitness accounts?

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8
Q

Antinomianism

A

a way of life that disregarded the act of living morally because people were already saved by grace, opposite of legalism

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9
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

spent his entire life trying to reform the church without splitting it, wrote the Greek New Testament, paved the way for Luther to translate the Bible himself

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10
Q

Alexander of Alexandria

A

focused on the deity of Jesus Christ, responded to Arianism saying, “there once was a time when the son was not” and “God is unchangeable”, interpreted scripture allegorically

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11
Q

The Council of Trent

A

a council during which Luther and the Church discussed the nature of salvation, justifying righteousness, and justifying faith

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12
Q

Creation Ex Nihilo

A

God’s creation from nothing

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13
Q

95 Theses

A

written by Luther to speak out against abuses from the Church

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14
Q

Adoptionism

A

Jesus was adopted by God to be his Son

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15
Q

Nicene Creed

A

summary of Christian belief

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16
Q

The Apologists

A

defended the Christian faith against heresy and persecution, includes Justin Martyr, Athenagoras of Athens, and Theophilus of Antioch, audience was the Romans

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17
Q

The Uniqueness of the Bible

A

it was written over 1,600 years by 40+ different authors, in 3 different continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and 13 different countries, written in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic

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18
Q

Which continents was the Bible written in?

A

Europe, Asia, and Africa

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19
Q

How many different countries was the Bible written in?

A

13

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20
Q

Which three languages was the Bible written in?

A

Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic

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21
Q

How many authors wrote the Bible?

A

40+

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22
Q

Irenaeus

A

crushed Gnosticism by exposing internal contradictions, showed how the authority was false, and showed it was incompatible with scripture

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23
Q

Homoousious

A

of the same substance, to describe the Trinity

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24
Q

John Wycliffe

A

translated the Bible into English but was convicted of heresy, supported Protestant reformation

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25
Q

Orthodoxy

A

generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice

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26
Q

Gnosis

A

secret knowledge given to the Apostle John to achieve salvation

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27
Q

Demiurges

A

lesser gods created by God, each becoming more evil

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28
Q

Arius/Arianism

A

Similar to the beliefs of Jehovah’s Witnesses

  1. the Son of God is a created creature
  2. “Son” is only a term of honor
  3. salvation is a process of being joined with God by grace and free will
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29
Q

Martin Luther

A

led the Protestant Reformation by opposing abuses of the Church, especially the purchase of indulgences, wrote the 95 Theses

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30
Q

The Nicene Creed

A

created at the Council of Nicaea to combat Arian controversy, patterned after Apostles Creed

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31
Q

Athanasius

A

bishop of Alexandria, stood alone against Arianism, known as “The Black Dwarf” and the “Father of Orthodoxy”, exiled five times

  1. it is only God who can save, for He alone has the power to break the power of sin and death, bringing eternal life
  2. no creature can save another creature in this way
  3. thus, Jesus must be fully divine for him to be able to offer salvation to the creation
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32
Q

Errors in Copies of the Bible

A

no original manuscript has been found with a mistake in it, central message would not be affected by a typo
some rules for scribes:
1. scroll is disqualified if a single letter is added or deleted
2. no letters can be written by heart
3. the scribe must pronounce every word out loud before writing it

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33
Q

Legalism

A

belief based on moral law rather than personal faith, focuses more on works than faith, opposite of antinomianism

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34
Q

Why study church history?

A
  1. to remember and rehearse
  2. to avoid chronological snobbery
  3. to avoid historical amnesia
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35
Q

Constantine the Great

A

referred to himself as “bishop of bishops”, obsessed with unifying the church, sided with Arius

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36
Q

Heresy

A

belief or opinions contrary to Orthodox teachings

examples: Arianism, tri-theism, modalism

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37
Q

Canon

A

describes a list of holy Scripture to which nothing can be taken away or added. Old Testament Canon divided into Law, Prophets, and Writing
Is it authoritative? prophetic? authentic? dynamic? received or collected?

38
Q

Roots of Gnosticism

A

a combination of Dualism (everything in reality is spirit and matter), Paganism (multiple gods both good and bad), and Christianity

39
Q

The Crusades

A

a series of religious wars directed by the Latin Church

40
Q

The External Evidence Test

A

relies on history found outside the Bible to prove its accuracy, Jesus’ life has been confirmed by Jews, Romans, and anti-Christians
examples: Josephus, Caesar, James, John the Baptist

41
Q

Epistle of Barnabas

A

a writing of the Apostolic Fathers, talks about the Old Testament allegorically, author likely acquainted with the Apollos and the Apostles

42
Q

Orthodox View of the Trinity

A
  1. God is three persons
  2. Each person is fully God with distinct and different functions
  3. There is only one God
43
Q

Anselm of Canterbury

A

created the Satisfaction Theory (humanity had incurred debt offending an infinite God so justice must be done, but God loved us enough to send Christ to the cross to accept God’s wrath) and the Ontological Argument (argued for the existence of God)

44
Q

The Counter-Reformation

A

began with the Council of Trent, its purpose was to reform Catholic abuses and answer problems of:
The Nature of Justification
The Nature of Justifying Righteousness
The Nature of Justifying Faith

45
Q

Tertullian

A

lawyer, strongly opposed Greek philosophy saying, “what has Athens got to do with Jerusalem?”, eventually left the church due to theological failures

46
Q

Pelagius

A

denied original sin and believed humans have no tendency to sin, perfection is possible and demanded by God, Eastern church

47
Q

The Didache

A

written work focused on moral purity and NOT salvation through faith, bordered on legalism

48
Q

Eutychianism

A

christological heresy, created by Eutyches, Christ’s humanity is “a drop of wine in an ocean of his deity”, Apollinarianism + Docetism

49
Q

Sola Gratia

A

grace alone, doctrine in the 95 Theses, salvation is based on grace alone, antinomians take this to the extreme

50
Q

Nestorianism

A

christological heresy, Nestorius refused to call Mary “bearer of God” since it made her seem like a goddess, so he called her “anthropotokos” (bearer of humanity)

51
Q

Deification

A

human spirit merges with the divine, Apollonarianism, Eastern Church

52
Q

The Four Councils

A

Nicea: dealt with Arian controversy
Constantinople: condemned subordinationism, adoptionism, and modalism
Ephesus: affirmed Nicene Creed and divinity and humanity of Christ
Chalcedon: finally affirmed Nicene Creed and further condemned heresy

53
Q

The Diet of Worms

A

the trial in 1521 during which Martin Luther was brought before the Church and told to recant his views in the 95 Theses, he refused and was excommunicated

54
Q

Athenagoras of Athens

A

convinced stoics that the Christian God aligned with theirs, presented God as unfeeling, incapable of suffering, beyond human understanding, and invisible.

55
Q

Monarchial Episcopacy

A

refers to a single bishop being appointed as the leader of a religion, having elevated spiritual status and authority

56
Q

The Apocrypha

A

apocrypha means “hidden or concealed”, 12 books not included in the Protestant Canon due to historical and geographical errors, false doctrine, rejected as being divinely inspired, and are not quoted by anyone in the New Testament

57
Q

Gutenberg Press

A

allowed for the mass production of Bibles in different languages and rapid spread of Christianity, first book printed was the Gutenberg Bible

58
Q

Gregory of Nyssa

A

Cappadocian Father, settled issues of the Trinity and Christ’s nature, did not see “logical trouble” with the Trinity as God is beyond our human logic, used the example of water in the forms of ice, liquid, and water vapor, hypostatic union

59
Q

Gnostic View of Creation

A

considered the spiritual realm to be good and matter to be evil, God created lesser demiurges, who were evil and created a material world to be evil, humans are “divine sparks” from God.

60
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

wrote Summa Theologica which included “The Five Ways” arguing the existence of God, Natural Theology

61
Q

The Orthodox View of Christ

A

God is fully human and fully divine, God cannot save us without being fully human (to suffer the pain of our sins) and fully divine to forgive us from sin at all

62
Q

Three Views of the Lord’s Supper

A

transubstantiation: bread and wine becomes the literal body and blood of Christ
consubstantiation: the wine and bread is literally wine and bread, not the body of Christ
symbollc: the bread and wine is just symbolic of Jesus’ sacrifice

63
Q

Polycarp

A

martyr, discipled by John, led Gnostics to Christianity, settled disputes about when to celebrate Easter

64
Q

The Great Schism

A

occurred due to disagreements of the Eastern and Western Churches (Pelagius vs. Augustine), formally excommunicated each other in 1054

65
Q

The Bibliographical Test

A

shows the accuracy of the Bible in regards to number of copies, time interval between originals and existing copies

66
Q

How many Greek manuscripts of the Bible exist?

A

more than 5,700

67
Q

How many Latin Vulgate translations are there known to be?

A

more than 10,000

68
Q

How many manuscript copies are there of portions of the New Testament?

A

more than 24,000

69
Q

In regards to salvation, Pelagius believed in _____ ______

A

free will

70
Q

In regards to salvation, Augustine believed in _______

A

predestination

71
Q

Pelagius was a part of the ______ Church

A

Eastern

72
Q

Augustine was a part of the ______ Church

A

Western

73
Q

Which church believed in predestination?

A

Western Church

74
Q

Which church believed in free will?

A

Eastern Church

75
Q

Modalism

A

one God with three different jobs

76
Q

Who were the Donatists?

A

people who stayed faithful throughout persecution and were frustrated with those who betrayed the faith

77
Q

Pelagius said that perfection is ______ and ______

A

possible, demanded

78
Q

Sola Scriptura

A

scripture alone is the authority in all matters, rejected Latin Vulgate translation because it was not in the reader’s common language and contained over 600 mistakes

79
Q

Sola Christus

A

Christ alone offers forgiveness, lessens need for Church to intercede

80
Q

The Eastern Church focuses on which part of God is 3 in 1?

A

the three

81
Q

The Western Church focuses on which part of God is 3 in 1?

A

the one

82
Q

Is Antioch the Eastern or Western Church?

A

Eastern Church

83
Q

Is Alexandria the Eastern or Western Church?

A

Western Church

84
Q

Which church focuses on Jesus’ humanity?

A

Eastern Church

85
Q

Which church focuses on Jesus’ divinity?

A

Western Church

86
Q

Which church emphasizes our work towards salvation?

A

Eastern Church

87
Q

Which church emphasizes God’s work towards salvation?

A

Western Church

88
Q

Which Church interprets scripture literally?

A

Eastern Church

89
Q

Which Church interprets scripture allegorically?

A

Western Church

90
Q

Free Will

A

the belief that people choose whether or not to accept salvation

91
Q

Dualism

A

there are two parts of reality: spirit and matter, spirit is real and perfect, matter is an evil imitation

92
Q

Clement of Rome

A

wrote to the Corinthians to be morally aligned with Christ

Church History (1 decks)

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