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Midterm Review (Flashcards + Notes)

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1
Q

Predestination

A

the belief that God, before creation, chose some people to be saved, not because of anything good in them, but only because of his sovereign good pleasure

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2
Q

Who sided with predestination?

A

Augustine

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3
Q

Sola Fide

A

grace is received by faith alone, rejects heresy of works-righteousness

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4
Q

Origen of Alexandria

A

opposed Tertullian, said philosophy couldn’t provide a saving knowledge of God and had no ability to cure son, believed in allegorical scripture interpretation

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5
Q

The Shepard of Hermas

A

a document considered scripture by many church fathers, apocalyptic similar to Revelations, encouraging proper Christian living under persecution

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6
Q

Tri-theism

A

a heresy suggesting that the trinity is actually three separate Gods

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7
Q

The Internal Historical Reliability Test

A

Is the writing credible?
Are there contradictions or factual inaccuracies?
Does the author tell the truth?
Does it contain eyewitness accounts?

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8
Q

Antinomianism

A

a way of life that disregarded the act of living morally because people were already saved by grace, opposite of legalism

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9
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

spent his entire life trying to reform the church without splitting it, wrote the Greek New Testament, paved the way for Luther to translate the Bible himself

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10
Q

Alexander of Alexandria

A

focused on the deity of Jesus Christ, responded to Arianism saying, “there once was a time when the son was not” and “God is unchangeable”, interpreted scripture allegorically

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11
Q

The Council of Trent

A

a council during which Luther and the Church discussed the nature of salvation, justifying righteousness, and justifying faith

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12
Q

Creation Ex Nihilo

A

God’s creation from nothing

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13
Q

95 Theses

A

written by Luther to speak out against abuses from the Church

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14
Q

Adoptionism

A

Jesus was adopted by God to be his Son

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15
Q

Nicene Creed

A

summary of Christian belief

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16
Q

The Apologists

A

defended the Christian faith against heresy and persecution, includes Justin Martyr, Athenagoras of Athens, and Theophilus of Antioch, audience was the Romans

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17
Q

The Uniqueness of the Bible

A

it was written over 1,600 years by 40+ different authors, in 3 different continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and 13 different countries, written in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic

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18
Q

Which continents was the Bible written in?

A

Europe, Asia, and Africa

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19
Q

How many different countries was the Bible written in?

A

13

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20
Q

Which three languages was the Bible written in?

A

Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic

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21
Q

How many authors wrote the Bible?

A

40+

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22
Q

Irenaeus

A

crushed Gnosticism by exposing internal contradictions, showed how the authority was false, and showed it was incompatible with scripture

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23
Q

Homoousious

A

of the same substance, to describe the Trinity

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24
Q

John Wycliffe

A

translated the Bible into English but was convicted of heresy, supported Protestant reformation

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25
Orthodoxy
generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice
26
Gnosis
secret knowledge given to the Apostle John to achieve salvation
27
Demiurges
lesser gods created by God, each becoming more evil
28
Arius/Arianism
Similar to the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses 1. the Son of God is a created creature 2. "Son" is only a term of honor 3. salvation is a process of being joined with God by grace and free will
29
Martin Luther
led the Protestant Reformation by opposing abuses of the Church, especially the purchase of indulgences, wrote the 95 Theses
30
The Nicene Creed
created at the Council of Nicaea to combat Arian controversy, patterned after Apostles Creed
31
Athanasius
bishop of Alexandria, stood alone against Arianism, known as "The Black Dwarf" and the "Father of Orthodoxy", exiled five times 1. it is only God who can save, for He alone has the power to break the power of sin and death, bringing eternal life 2. no creature can save another creature in this way 3. thus, Jesus must be fully divine for him to be able to offer salvation to the creation
32
Errors in Copies of the Bible
no original manuscript has been found with a mistake in it, central message would not be affected by a typo some rules for scribes: 1. scroll is disqualified if a single letter is added or deleted 2. no letters can be written by heart 3. the scribe must pronounce every word out loud before writing it
33
Legalism
belief based on moral law rather than personal faith, focuses more on works than faith, opposite of antinomianism
34
Why study church history?
1. to remember and rehearse 2. to avoid chronological snobbery 3. to avoid historical amnesia
35
Constantine the Great
referred to himself as "bishop of bishops", obsessed with unifying the church, sided with Arius
36
Heresy
belief or opinions contrary to Orthodox teachings | examples: Arianism, tri-theism, modalism
37
Canon
describes a list of holy Scripture to which nothing can be taken away or added. Old Testament Canon divided into Law, Prophets, and Writing Is it authoritative? prophetic? authentic? dynamic? received or collected?
38
Roots of Gnosticism
a combination of Dualism (everything in reality is spirit and matter), Paganism (multiple gods both good and bad), and Christianity
39
The Crusades
a series of religious wars directed by the Latin Church
40
The External Evidence Test
relies on history found outside the Bible to prove its accuracy, Jesus' life has been confirmed by Jews, Romans, and anti-Christians examples: Josephus, Caesar, James, John the Baptist
41
Epistle of Barnabas
a writing of the Apostolic Fathers, talks about the Old Testament allegorically, author likely acquainted with the Apollos and the Apostles
42
Orthodox View of the Trinity
1. God is three persons 2. Each person is fully God with distinct and different functions 3. There is only one God
43
Anselm of Canterbury
created the Satisfaction Theory (humanity had incurred debt offending an infinite God so justice must be done, but God loved us enough to send Christ to the cross to accept God's wrath) and the Ontological Argument (argued for the existence of God)
44
The Counter-Reformation
began with the Council of Trent, its purpose was to reform Catholic abuses and answer problems of: The Nature of Justification The Nature of Justifying Righteousness The Nature of Justifying Faith
45
Tertullian
lawyer, strongly opposed Greek philosophy saying, "what has Athens got to do with Jerusalem?", eventually left the church due to theological failures
46
Pelagius
denied original sin and believed humans have no tendency to sin, perfection is possible and demanded by God, Eastern church
47
The Didache
written work focused on moral purity and NOT salvation through faith, bordered on legalism
48
Eutychianism
christological heresy, created by Eutyches, Christ's humanity is "a drop of wine in an ocean of his deity", Apollinarianism + Docetism
49
Sola Gratia
grace alone, doctrine in the 95 Theses, salvation is based on grace alone, antinomians take this to the extreme
50
Nestorianism
christological heresy, Nestorius refused to call Mary "bearer of God" since it made her seem like a goddess, so he called her "anthropotokos" (bearer of humanity)
51
Deification
human spirit merges with the divine, Apollonarianism, Eastern Church
52
The Four Councils
Nicea: dealt with Arian controversy Constantinople: condemned subordinationism, adoptionism, and modalism Ephesus: affirmed Nicene Creed and divinity and humanity of Christ Chalcedon: finally affirmed Nicene Creed and further condemned heresy
53
The Diet of Worms
the trial in 1521 during which Martin Luther was brought before the Church and told to recant his views in the 95 Theses, he refused and was excommunicated
54
Athenagoras of Athens
convinced stoics that the Christian God aligned with theirs, presented God as unfeeling, incapable of suffering, beyond human understanding, and invisible.
55
Monarchial Episcopacy
refers to a single bishop being appointed as the leader of a religion, having elevated spiritual status and authority
56
The Apocrypha
apocrypha means "hidden or concealed", 12 books not included in the Protestant Canon due to historical and geographical errors, false doctrine, rejected as being divinely inspired, and are not quoted by anyone in the New Testament
57
Gutenberg Press
allowed for the mass production of Bibles in different languages and rapid spread of Christianity, first book printed was the Gutenberg Bible
58
Gregory of Nyssa
Cappadocian Father, settled issues of the Trinity and Christ's nature, did not see "logical trouble" with the Trinity as God is beyond our human logic, used the example of water in the forms of ice, liquid, and water vapor, hypostatic union
59
Gnostic View of Creation
considered the spiritual realm to be good and matter to be evil, God created lesser demiurges, who were evil and created a material world to be evil, humans are "divine sparks" from God.
60
Thomas Aquinas
wrote Summa Theologica which included "The Five Ways" arguing the existence of God, Natural Theology
61
The Orthodox View of Christ
God is fully human and fully divine, God cannot save us without being fully human (to suffer the pain of our sins) and fully divine to forgive us from sin at all
62
Three Views of the Lord's Supper
transubstantiation: bread and wine becomes the literal body and blood of Christ consubstantiation: the wine and bread is literally wine and bread, not the body of Christ symbollc: the bread and wine is just symbolic of Jesus' sacrifice
63
Polycarp
martyr, discipled by John, led Gnostics to Christianity, settled disputes about when to celebrate Easter
64
The Great Schism
occurred due to disagreements of the Eastern and Western Churches (Pelagius vs. Augustine), formally excommunicated each other in 1054
65
The Bibliographical Test
shows the accuracy of the Bible in regards to number of copies, time interval between originals and existing copies
66
How many Greek manuscripts of the Bible exist?
more than 5,700
67
How many Latin Vulgate translations are there known to be?
more than 10,000
68
How many manuscript copies are there of portions of the New Testament?
more than 24,000
69
In regards to salvation, Pelagius believed in _____ ______
free will
70
In regards to salvation, Augustine believed in _______
predestination
71
Pelagius was a part of the ______ Church
Eastern
72
Augustine was a part of the ______ Church
Western
73
Which church believed in predestination?
Western Church
74
Which church believed in free will?
Eastern Church
75
Modalism
one God with three different jobs
76
Who were the Donatists?
people who stayed faithful throughout persecution and were frustrated with those who betrayed the faith
77
Pelagius said that perfection is ______ and ______
possible, demanded
78
Sola Scriptura
scripture alone is the authority in all matters, rejected Latin Vulgate translation because it was not in the reader's common language and contained over 600 mistakes
79
Sola Christus
Christ alone offers forgiveness, lessens need for Church to intercede
80
The Eastern Church focuses on which part of God is 3 in 1?
the three
81
The Western Church focuses on which part of God is 3 in 1?
the one
82
Is Antioch the Eastern or Western Church?
Eastern Church
83
Is Alexandria the Eastern or Western Church?
Western Church
84
Which church focuses on Jesus' humanity?
Eastern Church
85
Which church focuses on Jesus' divinity?
Western Church
86
Which church emphasizes our work towards salvation?
Eastern Church
87
Which church emphasizes God's work towards salvation?
Western Church
88
Which Church interprets scripture literally?
Eastern Church
89
Which Church interprets scripture allegorically?
Western Church
90
Free Will
the belief that people choose whether or not to accept salvation
91
Dualism
there are two parts of reality: spirit and matter, spirit is real and perfect, matter is an evil imitation
92
Clement of Rome
wrote to the Corinthians to be morally aligned with Christ

Church History (1 decks)

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