Midterm review: Chapters 1-10 Flashcards
What are the four stages of functional anatomy and corrective exercise?
- introduction to corrective exercise
- corrective exercise techniques
- client assessments
- programming strategies
what is the process of corrective exercise?
identify problem, solve problem, implement solution
what occurs during the identify the problem phase?
performing integrated assessments
what occurs during solve the problem phase?
design the phases of corrective exercise continuum.
what occurs during the implement the solution phase?
coach selected techniques in workouts and movement prep sequences
what are the different types of integrated assessments?
static, dynamic, transitional, mobility
what are the phases of corrective exercise continuum?
- inhibit- myofascial techniques
- lengthen- static, dynamic, neuromuscular
- activate- isolated strengthening
- integrate- integrated dynamic movements
define corrective exercise:
the systematic process of identifying a neuromuscular dysfunction, developing a plan of action, and implementing an integrated corrective strategy to optimize movement quality.
define inhibitory techniques:
corrective exercise techniques used to reduce tension or decrease activity of overactive neuromyofascial tissues in the body
define: lengthening techniques
corrective exercise techniques used to increase the extensibility, length, and range of motion of neuromyofascial tissues in the body
define: activation techniques
techniques that reeducate or increase activation of underactive muscle tissues
define: integration techniques
retraining the collective synergistic function of all muscles through functionally progressive movements
define: regional interdependence
model of assessment and intervention that is based on the concept that the site of patients primary report of symptoms is affected by dysfunction in remote musculoskeletal regions
define: biopsychosocial model of pain
a treatment paradigm for chronic musculoskeletal pain that accounts for the role of biological, psychological, and social factors in an individual’s experience of pain
how is corrective exercise used in health care?
aims to reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal injury in currently healthy individuals
used for individuals without specific medical needs, or who are not undergoing concurrent treatment for pain or injury
collaborate with and obtain clearance from licensed health professionals in transition from rehab to post-rehab exercise for optimal performance
how does corrective exercise optimize movement quality?
by minimizing compensatory motor recruitment
improving postural distortion
reducing movement impairment
what are the goals of corrective exercise in healthcare?
enhancing physical performance;
minimize injury risk;
improve movement efficiency;
and assist recovery
what makes up the human movement system (HMS)?
skeletal system, nervous system, muscular system
define: concentric muscle action
occurs when a muscle generates force while shortening to accelerate an external load
define: eccentric muscle action
occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load
define: isometric muscle action
occurs when muscle generates force equal to an external load to hold it in place
define: agonist
prime mover muscle for a given movement pattern or joint action
define: antagonist
a muscle action that acts in direct opposition to the prime mover
define: synergists
muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns
define: stabilizers
muscles that support or stabilize the body while prime movers and synergists perform movement patterns
define: motor behaviour
the human movement system’s response to internal and external environmental stimuli
define: motor control
study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the central nervous system to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
define: motor learning
the utilization of motor behaviour and control through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent change in a person’s capacity to produce skilled movements
define: motor development
the change in motor behaviour over time throughout a person’s life
define: sensory information
the data that the central nervous system receives from sensory receptors to determine such things as the body’s position in space and limb orientation as well as information about the environment, temperature, texture etc.
define: sensations
a process by which sensory information is received by the receptor and transferred either to teh spinal cord for reflexive motor behaviour, to higher cortical areas for processing, or both.
define: perception
the integration of sensory information with past experiences or memories
define: neuromuscular efficiency
the ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists, antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically stabilize the human movement system in all three planes of motion
define: sensorimotor integration
the ability of the central nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response
define: movement compensation
when the body moves in a suboptimal way in response to kinetic chain dysfunction
define: feedback
the utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns for efficient movement
define: internal (sensory) feedback
the process by which sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and the environment
define: external (augmented) feedback
information provided by some external source, for example, a health and fitness professional, video, mirror, or HR monitor
define: knowledge of results
used after completion of a movement to inform individuals about the outcome of their performance
define: knowledge of performance
provides information about the quality of movement
what is a sarcomere?
the functional unit of a muscle made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments
define: the cross-bridge mechanism
the collective physiological processes that cause actin and myosin filaments to slide across each other, functionally shortening the muscle as it develops tension.
define: length-tension relationship
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
define: resting length
a muscle’s state when the body is standing still; not contracting or stretching
define: neural drive
the rate and volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the central nervous system: motor unit recruitment
define: overactive/shortened
occurs when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction
define: underactive/lengthened
occurs when inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state
define: muscle imbalance
alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint
define: kinetic chain
the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
define: force-couple relationships
the synergistic action of muscles to produce movement around a joint
define: posture
the independent and interdependent alignment (static posture) and function (transitional and dynamic posture) of all components of the human movement system at any given moment, controlled by the nervous system
define: structural efficiency
the alignment of each segment of the HMS, which allows posture to be balanced in relation to a person’s center of gravity.
define: functional efficiency
the ability of neuromuscular system to recruit correct muscle synergies, at the right time, with the appropriate amount of force to perform functional tasks with the least amount of energy and stress on the HMS
optimal neuromuscular efficiency is produced by what relationships?
lenght-tension relationships (muscular system)
force-couple relationships (nervous system)
arthrokinematics
what is the local musculature system?
muscles that connect directly to the spine and are predominantly involved in lumbopelvic hip complex stabilization
what is the global musculature system?
muscles responsible predominantly for movement and consisting of more superficial musculature that originates from the pelvis to the rib cage, the lower extremities, or both.
what muscles make up the deep longitudinal system?
peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, sacrotuberous ligament
what muscles make up the posterior oblique system?
gluteus maximus, sacroiliac joint, thoracolumbar fascia, latissimus dorsi
what muscles make up the anterior oblique system?
adductors and external obliques
what muscles make up the lateral subsystem?
quadratus lumborum, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor magnus (adductors)
define: movement impairment
state in which the structural integrity of the HMS is compromised because one or more segments of the kinetic chain are out of alignment
how does disfunction develop in the HMS?
altered force-couple relationships which lead to:
altered sensorimotor integration
altered neuromuscular efficiency
tissue fatigue and breakdown
define: cumulative injury cycle
a cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesion, altered neuromuscular control , and muscle imbalances
define: static malalignments
deviations from ideal posture that can be seen when standing still
define: pattern overload
occurs when a segment of the body is repeatedly moved or chronically held in the same way, leading to a state of muscle overactivity
what is altered reciprocal inhibition?
a process whereby an overactive/shortened muscle causes decreased neural drive, and therefore less-than-optimal recruitment of its functional antagonist
what is an example of altered reciprocal inhibition and synergistic dominance at the LPHC?
increased activity of erector spinae, gluteus maximus inhibited, increased compensation by hamstrings, and overactive hip flexors decrease neural drive to functional antagonist
define: dynamic malalignments
deviations from optimal posture during functional movements
define: dynamic malalignments
deviations from optimal posture during functional movements
define: relative flexibility
the body’s ability to find path of least resistance to accomplish a task, even if that path creates dynamic malalignments
what are kinetic chain checkpoints?
key points on the body to observe and assess an individual’s static and dynamic posture; feet and ankles, knees, LPHC, shoulders, and head/neck
what is assessed at the foot and ankle?
neutral arch of the foot, feet are parallel and pointing straight ahead, hip-to-shoulder width apart
what is assessed at the knee?
whether it is in line with the second and third toes of each foot and not flexed or hyperextended
what is assessed at the lumbopelvic hip complex?
neutral sagittal hip position, no excessive posterior or anterior tilt, and hips level in the frontal plane
what is assessed at the shoulders and thoracic spine?
not rounded forward and in line with hips and ears from a lateral viewpoint
what is assessed at the head and cervical spine?
neutral cervical spine (no excessive forward positioning of the neck) ears in line with the shoulders and a level chin.
what are self-myofascial techniques?
a category of flexibility techniques used to reduce tension in muscle fibers. Primary used for overactive tissue
define: myofascial adhesions
knots in muscle tissue that can result in altered neuromuscular control
define: inelastic
possessing the inability to stretch
What is davis’s law?
the law states that soft tissue will model along the lines of stress
what is myofascial rolling?
a compression intervention where an external object compresses the myofascia
what are the local mechanical effects of myofascial rolling?
reduced tissue viscosity, fascial hydration, reduced arterial stiffness, and circulatory improvements
what are global neurophysiological effects of myofascial rolling?
increased tissue relaxation due to afferent input from:
golgi tendon relfex
gamma loop modulation
mechanoreceptor signalling
pain modulation due to:
cutaneous receptor, mechanoreceptor, and pain receptor pathway stimulation
reduction in evoked pain sensations and spinal-level CNS excitability
what is the gamma loop?
the reflex arc consisting of small anterior horn nerve cells and their small fibers that project to the intrafusal bundle and produce contraction, which initiates the afferent impulses that pass through the posterior root to the anterior horn cells, inducing, in turn, reflex contraction of the entire muscle
what are application guidelines to consider for myofascial techniques?
texture, density, pressure, diameter
what are examples of myofascial technique tools?
myofascial rollers, myofascial balls, handheld myofacial rollers, vibration, cupping, myofascial flossing, and instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM)
what is the application process you apply to reduce overall tension when targeting global neurophysiological effects?
roll slowly to identify tender area(s)
hold pressure for 30-60seconds or until reduction in tension
relax and breathe
what is the practical application for introducing tissue movement and targeting local mechanical effets
introduce active movements- move target limb while on roller for 4-6 repetitions at medium speed
simple method- continuous rolling
90-120 seconds over the entire length of muscle at a slow speed ~1inch per second
how frequently should you use myofascial rolling techniques?
2-7 days per week
during warm up, after warm up, during intermissions, or at cool down
what is optimal body positioning during rolling?
proper alignment, avoid lumbar and cervical spine hyperextension while in prone positions
and shoulder elevation while in seated or standing positions
what are the acute training variables for self-myofascial rolling?
frequency- most days of week
sets- 1
reps- hold areas of discomfort for 30-60 seconds, perform 4-6 reps of active movement
intensity- should be some discomfort but able to relax and breathe
duration- 5-10minutes total time; 90-120 seconds per muscle group.
what are the different types of stretching techniques?
static, dynamic, neuromuscular
what is flexibility?
length of the musculotendon
what is range of motion?
influenced by musculature but refers to movement capacity of joint
define: static stretching
the process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 30 seconds
how is static stretching characterized?
elongation of muscle and myofascial tissue to an end-range and statically holding that position for a period of time
maximal control of structural alignment
minimal acceleration into and out of the elongated position
what are mechanical adaptations of static stretching?
acute viscoelastic stress relaxation: specific to sensation of stretch– when you hold the position until the sensation stops
decrease in passive resistance to stretch
immediate increase in soft tissue extensibility
define: viscoelastic
the collective properties related to fluid flow, heat dissipation, and elasticity of tissue
what are neurological adaptations of static stretching?
decreased motor neuron excitability– decrease in muscle spindle activity = increase ROM
disfacilitation of muscle spindles
define: disfacilitation
occurs when a receptor decreases its firing frequency or neural discharge, resulting in a weaker signal. ex. muscle spindles decrease discharge frequency after prolonged static stretching
what are psycho-physiological adaptations of static stretching?
increased stretch tolerance
what are chronic adaptations of static stretching?
decreased spindle discharge at rest
decreased collagen cross-linkages
tissue creep– lengthens muscle over time
increased stretch tolerance
define: neuromuscular stretching
a flexibility technique that incorporates varied combinations of isometric contractions and static stretching of the target muscle to create increases in ROM. Also called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
how is NMS characterized?
static stretch response plus:
increased tendon stress during agonist activation
golgi tendon organ activation:
- autogenic inhibition muscle contracting will lengthen after relaxing
- reciprocal inhibition: activate one muscle and reciprocal muscle at the same time
define: golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
define: dynamic stretching
the active extension of a muscle, using a muscles force production and body’s momentum, to take a joint through full available ROM. it is synergistic, uses momentum, less isolated
how is dynamic stretching characterized?
nervous system excitation
performance specific movement patterns– sport performance or ADL’s
increased muscle temperature– improved viscoelasticity
what are application guidelines for static stretching?
frequency: daily
reps: 1-4
duration: 20-30 second hold or 60seconds or more for ages 65 and up
application guidelines for neuromuscular stretching?
daily
1-3 reps
10 second contraction
30 seconds of static
dynamic stretching guidelines?
3-6 days per week
3 sets
30 second reps
1 cycle per second.
controlled movements to start
why should you use stretching?
to correct faulty movement patterns, to lengthen shortened myofascial tissues, and to improve stretch tolerance
what are acute training variables for muscular strength?
frequency : 2-7 days
sets: 2-6
reps: 1-6
load: 85% 1 RM +
tempo 2-0-2
what are acute variables for muscular endurance?
frequency: 2-7 days
sets: 2-3
reps: 12 +
load: 65% 1RM or less
tempo : 3:1:2
what are acute variables for muscular hypertrophy?
frequency: 2-7
sets: 3-6
reps: 6-12
load : 65-85% 1RM
tempo: 2-0-2
what are acute variables for muscular power?
2-7 days
3-5 sets
1-5 reps
75-90% 1 RM
fast tempo: can have higher load or lower load with speed focused
what is isolated strengthening for?
used to isolate specific muscles to increase force production, applied to potentially underactive muscles
define: intramuscular coordination
the ability of the neuromuscular system to allow optimal levels of motor unit recruitment and synchronization within a muscle
define: motor unit activation
the progressive activation of a muscle by successive recruitment of contractile units to accomplish increasing gradations of contractile strength
define: synchronization
the synergistic activation of multiple motor units
define: firing rate
frequency at which a motor unit is activated; higher activation potentials to stimulate tone
isolated strengthening acute variables:
frequency: 3-5 days per week
sets : 1-2
reps: 10-15
duration of reps: 4:2:1, important to have iso hold at end range
what is the purpose of isolated strengthening activation?
increases intramuscular coordination, motor unit activation, synchronization, and firing rate.
what is the purpose of integrated dynamic movement?
reeducate functional synergistic movement patterns– increasing multiplanar muscular control
total body exercises, multi joint actions, muscle synergies
what is the scientific rational for integration?
improvement of deceleration, stabilization, and acceleration. develops control in degrees of freedom
define: agonist
the prime mover muscle for a given movement pattern or joint action
define: antagonist
a muscle that acts in direct opposition to the prime mover
define: synergists
muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns– share force produciton
define: stabilizers
muscles that support or stabilize the body while prime movers and the synergists perform the movement pattern
define: neutralizers
muscles that limit or cease an undesirable action of the mobile attachment of the muscle
define: intermuscular coordination
the ability of different muscles in the body to work together to allow coordination of global and refined movements
what are various body positions that you can apply integrated movement techniques through?
lying- supine, prone, side
sitting- long, short
quadruped
kneeling- full, half
standing- supported-free
define: ligament dominance
decreased lower extremity frontal plane stability, usually evidenced by valgus and varus positioning, causing connective tissues to be the limiting factor of end range of motion control
define: quadricep dominance
decreased strength or recruitment of the posterior chain musculature relative to anterior chain musculature
define: leg (limb) dominance
limb-to-limb asymmetries in neuromusculoskeletal control or muscle recruitment
what are the different exercises for integration techniques?
athletic positioning
wall jump
tuck jump
horizontal jump
180 degree jump
single leg horizontal jump
cutting maneuvers
define: kinematic adjustments
small alterations in movement pattern execution made in response to repetitive or novel performance conditions
what are the acute training variables for integrated dynamic movement?
frequency: 3-5 days per week
sets(volume) 1-3
reps (load) 10-15
duration of rep: controlled: slow eccentric focus, concept of 4:2:1 depending on complexity
what are the steps in the posture overview?
client intake
static postural assessment
overhead squat assessment
single-leg squat and/or split squat
dynamic/loaded assessments (optional)
mobility assessments
corrective exercise programming
define: altered length-tension relationships
occurs when the resting length of a muscle is too short or too long to generate optimal force
define: pattern overload
occurs when a segment of the body is repeatedly moved or chronically held in the same way, leading to a state of muscle overactivity
define: postural distortion
malalignments of bodily segments that place undue stress on the joints; for ex. poor posture at one or more of the kinetic chain checkpoints
what are upper body muscles prone to imbalance due to being overactive/shortened
cervical extensors
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
pectoralis major/minor
scalenes
sternocleidomastoid
upper traps
what are upper body muscles prone to imbalance due to being underactive/lengthened?
deep cervical flexors (longus coli and capitis)
middle and lower trapezius
rhomboids
serratus anterior
what are lower body muscles prone to imbalances due to being overactive/ shortened?
gastrocnemius
hamstrings complex
hip adductors
piriformis
psoas
quadratus lumborum
rectus femoris
soleus
tensor fascia latae
what are lower body muscles prone to imbalance due to being underactive/lengthended?
gluteus maximus and medius
fibularis (peroneal) muslces
rectus abdominis
tibialis anterior
transverse abdominis
vastus medialis and lateralis
what are examples of postural influences?
chronic suboptimal postures ie working conditions
habitual repetitive movements
acute injuries
recovery from surgery
incompletely rehabilitated past injuries
what are common postural distortion patterns?
kyphosis and lordosis
define: kyphosis
natural curvature of the thoracic spine toward the back of the body
define: lordosis
natural curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine toward the front of the body
which type of muscle action is commonly associated with negative acceleration, or deceleration?
eccentric
true or false:
concentric muscle actions typically accelerate a limb or object, therefore always require or produce more force than eccentric muscle actions
false
when a muscle action occurs, tension is created that pulls on both ends (proximal and distal attachments). Yet, movement often only occurs around a joint at one end while the other remains fixed in place. This is due to:
selective stabilization effect of other muscles supporting one end and keeping it from moving
what are kendall’s posture types?
lordotic
kyphosis-lordosis
sway-back
flat back
what are janda’s syndromes?
lower crossed syndrome
upper crossed syndrome
layered crossed syndrome
pes planus distortion syndrome
what occurs in lordotic posture?
excessive lumbar lordosis (anterior pelvic tilt)
what occurs in kyphosis-lordosis posture?
forward head posture, rounded shoulders and excessive thoracic kyphosis, excessive lumbar lordosis
what occurs in sway-back posture?
excessive kyphosis, posterior pelvic tilt– reduced lumbar lordosis
what occurs in flat-back posture?
slight forward head, excessive upper thoracic kyphosis, lower thoracic flattening, posterior pelvic tilt– lumbar flattening
what muscles are overactive/shortened in in lower crossed syndrome?
hip flexors, lumbar extensors, gastrocnemius/soleus
what muscles are underactive/lengthened in lower crossed syndrome?
abdominals, gluteus maximus and medius, hamstrings
what muscles are overactive/shortened in upper crossed syndrome?
cervical extensors, pectorals, upper trapezius, levator scapulae
what muscles are underactive/lengthened in upper crossed syndrome?
deep neck flexors
rhomboids, middle/lower trapezius
serratus anterior
how would you change stability when progressing exercises?
changing base of support from large to small, or stable to unstable
changing points of contact from more to less
changing center of mass from low to high, and the central limit of stability
applying external forces: moving from supported to none to perturbations
what is the client intake screen for?
first step used in overall assessment process to determine any “red flags” related to physical readiness, general lifestyle, and medical history.
what is the static postural assessment for?
visual observations while client stands still. Proper static posture allows for optimal mobility and joint kinematics, whereas poor posture indicates structural or muscular imbalances
what are movement assessments used for?
evaluation of dynamic movement posture, which is the structural alignment of musculoskeletal system. compensatory movements show up during this assessment.
What are mobility assessments for?
identifies deficits in joint ROM and refine observations discovered during static and movement assessments.
how does an ankle sprain affect the kinetic chain?
decreases neural control to the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles. Chronic instability can lead to altered knee flexion on landing tasks.
how does a knee injury affect the kinetic chain?
decrease in neural control to muscles that stabilize the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints. Non contact injuries are often results of ankle or hip disfunction.
how do low-back injuries affect the kinetic chain?
leads to reduced lumbar mobility, slower movement, reduced proprioception.
how do shoulder injuries affect kinetic chain?
alters neural control of rotator cuff muscles which are responsible for joint stability. Can lead to reduced thoracic mobility or throwing mechanics
what is the altered length-tension relationship?
it occurs when the resting length of a muscle is too short or too long to generate optimatl force
what is a pattern overload?
when a segment of the body is repeatedly moved or chronically held in the same way, leading to a state of muscular overactivity.
define: postural distortion
malalignments of bodily segments that place undue stress on joints; for example, poor posture at one or more kinetic chain chekcpoints
what are shortened/overactive muscles during pes planus distortion syndrome?
gastrocnemius and soleus; peroneals, adductors, iliotibial band, iliopsoas, hamstrings
what are lengthened/underactive muscles in pes planus distortion syndrome?
posterio/anterior tibialis, vastus medialis, gluteus maximus/medius, hip external rotators, hip flexors, thoracolumbar paraspinals
what are the three types of movement assessments?
transitional, loaded, dynamic
what is a transitional movement assessment?
an assessment that involve a movement that does not involve a change in base of support
what are some examples of transitional movements?
overhead squat, modified overhead squat, split squat, single leg squat
what occurs in a loaded movement assessment?
observing a client’s posture under an additional source of resistance
what movement patterns are often used for loaded movement assessments?
primary movement patterns that are functional for every day life used by all humans
what are examples of loaded movement assessments?
loaded squat, standing push, standing pull, standing overhead dumbbell press
what is a dynamic movement assessment?
assessment that involves movement with a change in the base of support
examples of dynamic movement assessments:
gait, depth jump, davies test
what should you expect to see in excessive pronation of the foot?
arch of the foot collapse and flattens, eversion of the heel, or malalignment of the achilles tendon.
what should you look for during feet turn out?
toes to rotate laterally during the movements
what should you look for in a heel rise?
heels come up off the ground
what should you look for in knee valgus?
knees to collapse inward
what should you look for in knee varus?
knees bow outwards
what should you look for during knee dominance?
upright trunk, knees move in front of the toes, and/or more knee anterior displacement compared to hip posterior displacement; that is, the knees move forward more than the hips move back. common with heel rise
what should you notice during assymmetric weight shift?
look for hip to shift toward one side or the other. the side of the body opposite the shift may also exhibit the hip dropping in the frontal plane
what should you notice in excessive trunk movement?
instability of the trunk when in a push up position.
what should you look for during excessive anterior pelvic tilt?
pelvis roll forward and for lumbar spine to extend beyond normal curvature, creating a prominent low-back arch.
what should you notice during excessive posterior tilt?
look for pelvis to roll backward and for the lumbar spine to flex, creating a flattening or rounding of lower back
what should you notice during excessive forward trunk lean?
trunk lean forward beyond ideal parallel alignment with the shins
what to look for in trunk rotation?
trunk of the body to rotate internally or externally during single leg movements.
what should you look for during scapular elevation?
shoulders to move towards ears
what should you look for during scapular winging?
look for scapulae to protrude excessively from the back, seen most prominently during push up position
what should you notice during arms fall forward?
arms are no longer aligned with torso and ears
what to look for during excessive cervical extension?
head to migrate forward, moving ears out of alignment with shoulders
what muscles are overactive during feet turn out?
biceps femoris (short head), gastrocnemius (lateral), soleus.
what muscles are underactive/lengthened during feet turn out?
anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius (medial), gluteus maximus/medius, hamstring complex (medial), posterior tibialis
what are some suggested mobility assessments for feet turn out?
active knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion, hip abduction and external rotation, modified thomas test, seated hip internal/external rotation
what muscles are overactive/ shortened during heel rise?
qudriceps complex, soleus.
What muscles are underactive/ lengthened during heel rise?
anterior tibialis, gluteus maximus
what are some mobility assessments for heel rise?
ankle dorsiflexion, active knee flexion
what muscles are overactive/ shortened in excessive pronation?
fibularis (peroneals) complex, lateral gastrocnemius, tensor fascia latae
what muscles are underactive/ lengthened in excessive pronation?
anterior tibialis, medial gastrocnemius, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, intrinsic foot muscles, posterior tibialis.
what are some mobility assessments for excessive pronation?
ankle dorsiflexion
modified thomas test
seated hip internal/exernal rotation
what muscles are overactive during knee valgus?
adductor complex
biceps femoris (short head)
gastrocnemius
soleus
tensor fascia latae
vastus laterals
what muscles are underactive/lengthened during knee valgus?
anterior tibialis
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
hamstring complex (medial)
posterior tibialis
vastus medialis oblique (VMO)
what mobility assessments should you do for knee valgus?
active knee flexion
ankle dorsiflexion
hip abduction/external rotation
modified thomas test
seated internal/external rotation
what muscles are overactive/shortened during knee varus?
adductor magnus (posterior fibers)
anterior tibialis
biceps femoris (long head)
piriformis
posterior tibialis
tensor fascia latae
what muscles are underactive /lengthened during knee varus?
adductor complex
gluteus maximus
hamstrings complex (medial)
what mobility assessments could be done for knee varus?
active knee flexion
lumbar flexion
modified thomas test
passive hip internal rotation
seated hip internal/external rotation
what muscles are overactive/ shortened during knee dominance?
adductor magnus
piriformis
quadriceps complex
soleus
what muscles are underactive/ lengthened during knee dominance?
core stabilizers
gluteus maximus
what mobility assessments could be done for knee dominance?
active knee flexion
ankle dorsiflexion
hip abduction and external rotation
modified thomas test
passive hip internal rotation
what muscles are overactive/shortened during asymmetric weight shift?
same side as shift:
adductor complex
tfl
opposite side of shift:
biceps femoris
gastroc/soleus
piriformis
what muscles are underactive/ lengthened during asymmetric weight shfit?
core stabilizers
same side as shift:
gluteus medius
opposite side of shift:
adductor complex
what mobility assessments could you do for asymmetric shift?
active knee extension
ankle dorsiflexion
hip abduction and external rotation
modified thomas test
seated hip internal /external rotation
what muscles are overactive/ shortened during anterior pelvic tilt?
adductor complex(anterior fibers)
latissimus dorsi
psoas
rectus femoris
spinal extensor complex (erector spinae, quatratus lumborum)
TFL
what muscles are lenghtened/ underactive during anterior pelvic tilt?
external obliques
gluteus maximus
hamstrings complex
local core stabilzers
rectus abdominus
what mobility assessments would you suggest for an anterior pelvic tilt?
active knee flexion
hip abduction and external rotation
lumbar flexion/extension
modified thomas test
shoulder flexion
what muscles are overactive/shortened during an excessive posterior tilt?
adductor magnus
external obliques
hamstring complex
piriformis
rectus abdominis
what muscles are underactive shortened during excessive posterior tilt?
gluteus maximus
latissimus dorsi
local core stabilizers
psoas
rectus femoris
spinal extensor complex (erector spinae, quadratus lumborum)
TFL
what mobility assessments would you check for during excessive posterior pelvic tilt
active knee flexion
hip abduction and external rotation
lumbar flexion/extension
seated hip internal/external rotation
what muscles are overactive/shortened during excessive forward trunk lean?
adductor complex (anterior fibers)
external obliques (if observed with lumbar flexion)
gastrocnemius
psoas
rectus abdominis (if observed with lumbar flexion)
rec fem
soleus
TFL
what muscles are underactive/lengthened during excessive forward trunk lean?
anterior tibialis
gluteus maximus
hamstring complex
local core stabilizers
spinal extensor complex
what mobility assessments would you do for excessive forward trunk lean?
active knee flexion
ankle dorsiflexion
modified thomas test
what muscles are overactive/ shortened with scapular elevation?
levator scapulae
pectoralis minor
upper trapezius
what muscles are underactive/ lengthened during scapular elevation?
lower trap
serratus anterior
what mobility tests should you do for scapular elevation?
cervical flexion and extension
cervical lateral flexion
cervical rotation
shoulder retraction
thoracic extension
what muscles are overactive/shortened during scapular winging?
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis minor
upper trapezius
what muscles are underactive/ lengthened during scapular winging?
lower trap
middle trap
serratus anterior
what mobility assessments should you do for scapular winging?
seated thoracic rotation
shoulder flexion
shoulder retraction
thoracic extension
what muscles are overactive/ shortened during arms fall forward?
latissimus dorsi
pec major/ minor
teres major
what muscles are underactive/lengthened during arms fall forward?
infraspinatus
lower trap
middle trap
posterior delts
rhomboids
teres minor
what mobility assessments should you do for arms fall forward?
cervical flexion/extension
cervical rotation
cervical lateral flexion
shoulder extension/flexion
shoulder internal/external rotation
shoulder retraction
seated thoracic rotation
thoracic extension
what muscles are shortened/overactive during excessive cervical extension(forward head lean)?
cervical extensors (suboccipital)
levator scapulae
sternocleidomastoid
upper trap
what muscles are underactive lengthened during excessive cervical extension (forward head lean)?
deep cervical flexors
lower trap
middle trap
rhomboids
what mobility assessments could you recommend for forward head lean?
cervical flexion/extension
cervical lateral flexion
cervical rotation
define: range of motion
the amount of motion available at a specific joint
define: flexibility
the present state or ability of a joint to move through range of motion
define: mobility
the entire available range of motion at a joint and the body’s neuromuscular control of that motion
define: active motion
the amount of motion obtained soley through voluntary contraction
