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Anatomy/Physiology - Semester 1 > Midterm Review - ANPH108 > Flashcards

Midterm Review - ANPH108 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells make bones?

A

Osteoblasts

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2
Q

What cells make cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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3
Q

What is produced by fibroblast/what do they make?

A

collagen

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4
Q

What are the main types of human tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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5
Q

What are the germ layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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6
Q

divisions of metabolism?

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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7
Q

How are the divisions of metabolism controlled?

A

by homeostasis

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8
Q

What is the name of the sensors for temperature control?

A

Thermal Receptor, Baro receptor

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9
Q

Name of the sensors for position?

A

Postural receptors

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10
Q

What is the name of the plain that divides the body into anterior/posterior?

A

Frontal

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11
Q

What is the name of the internal diameter of the pipe?

A

Lumen

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12
Q

What does lumen mean?

A

Light

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13
Q

In regards to the torso what are the hands and feet?

A

Distal

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14
Q

Main organ in hypo gastrin?

A

Urinary bladder, female parts

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15
Q

Main organs in epi gastrin

A

Stomach, pancreas (part), liver (part)

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16
Q

What are the muscles in relation to the body?

A

Primary movers

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17
Q

What are the two main instructors of the left ?

A

Spleen and splenic angle of colon

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18
Q

What is in the right hypercondrium?

A

Liver, head of pancreas, duodenum, epitic angle of colon

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19
Q

What is after descending segment of the colon?

A

Sigmoid column

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20
Q

What are the functions of every muscle?

A

Contraction, relaxation, excitability, heat production

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21
Q

Is sarcolemma the same as endoesium?

A

False, endo covers sarcolemma

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22
Q

What is the name of the membrane that covers the muscle as a whole?

A

Muscle fascia

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23
Q

What is the name of the instructor between 2 “z disks”

A

Sarcomere

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24
Q

What is inside one sarcomere?

A

Thin and thick filament

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25
Q

When actin and myosin are interacting what is formed?

A

Cross bridges

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26
Q

What is the name of the proteins that allow contractility of the muscles?

A

Actin, myosin, tropin and tropinmyosin

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27
Q

What is the difference between smooth muscle and striated muscle?

A

Smooth muscle has calmodulin

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28
Q

What does cytoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Pumping and restore calcium

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29
Q

When muscle use ADP for contraction?

A

Always, for contraction and relaxation. Always spending energy

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30
Q

How many nuclei are in one muscle fibre?

A

1

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31
Q

How cardiac muscle make connection to other muscle fibres?

A

Intercalated disks

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32
Q

What myosin heads made from?

A

Myosin

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33
Q

What surrounds myosin fibres?

A

Thick filament

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34
Q

What “t tubals” in respect to micro fibres?

A

Perpendicular

Saltatory –jumping

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35
Q

What is the name of the space between the end plate and the muscle fibre?

A

Synaptic gap

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36
Q

What kind of transmission occurs at the synaptic level?

A

Chemical

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37
Q

What covers and uncovers the active places of actin?

A

Tropomyosin

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38
Q

What fixes the position?

A

Troponin

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39
Q

Muscular nerve travels on?

A

Sarcolemma

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40
Q

If somebody says the aerobic pathway

A

False

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41
Q

Which is faster? Anaerobic or aerobic

A

Anaerobic is faster but short lasting

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42
Q

The residual volume will be reduced with exercise?

A

Cannot be reduced

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43
Q

Is the residual volume part of the vital capacity?

A

No

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44
Q

What is the inter-pleural pressure in respect to the other two?

A

Has to be relativity negative, smaller then both

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45
Q

If you want to keep air in lungs, what is the condition?

A

The pressure in the lungs has to be more than the pressure outside

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46
Q

What is the name of the tool to take breath?

A

You blow in and the ball goes up. Spiral

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47
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory volume

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48
Q

What is the only for cellular respiratory system to exist?

A

Burning sugar

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49
Q

What is the instructor of the respiratory membrane?

A

2 basement membrane sandwich between capillary endothelium

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50
Q

What are the palatine bones?

A

Two bones form the posterior part of the hard palate

Vertical portion forms the lateral wall of the posterior part of each nasal cavity

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51
Q

How many palatine plates there?

A

2

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52
Q

What bone is the owner of the cribriform plate?

A

The cribriform plate is located in the ethmoid

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53
Q

What is the name of side to side communication for sinus?

A

None

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54
Q

What covers the sinus?

A

Mucus membrane, respiratory epithelium

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55
Q

What is the final destination of the sinus system?

A

Nasal cavity

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56
Q

When palatine tonsils visible?

A

They aren’t visible to airway check

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57
Q

What is the smallest cartilage of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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58
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage

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59
Q

Other types of cartilage

A

Elastic

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60
Q

What separates the cells from the surroundings?

A

Cell membrane

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61
Q

What is the attaching layer?

A

Lipid ends

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62
Q

What do we use to make phospholipid bilayers?

A

Fatty chains, triglyceride

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63
Q

Internal component of cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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64
Q

What is cell markers? MCI made from?

A

Glycoproteins

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65
Q

Who packages fats?

A

Golgi apparatus

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66
Q

What is the difference between liposome and protostome?

A

Protostomes are liposome with hydrogen peroxide

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67
Q

What is the tissue containing less protostome?

A

Nervous

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68
Q

What is the tissue containing higher protostome?

A

Liver/white blood cells

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69
Q

If we were to take mitochondria in muscles and inject into another person what will happen?

A

MHC rejected, different dna consided bacteria

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70
Q

What are the base pairs for DNA?

A

Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

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71
Q

What pairs go together?

A

A with T and C with G

72
Q

What kind of movements are develop by cilia and flagella

A

Cilia moves all over, flagella moves like swimming snake

73
Q

Why the water always past from the highest solute concentrate to lowest solute concentrate?

A

Goes opposite way, dam nader

74
Q

When a cell swells, what is it?

A

Picnotic (opposite of crenation)

75
Q

Are gated channels active or passive?

A

Passive

76
Q

What is the purpose?

A

Choose what it wants to let in

77
Q

What is the name of the selected channel for water?

A

Aqua pourin

78
Q

Cell release substances by diap something?

A

Cells use exocytosis

79
Q

What kind of enzymes

A

Oxidation

80
Q

From glycolysis, what is taking into mitochondria to equal total amount of energy?

A

DPG aka diphosphoglycerate

81
Q

What kind of organelle is the nucleus?

A

Membranous

82
Q

What is the organelle that is inside the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus

83
Q

What is the role of the Nucleolus?

A

Producing RNA

84
Q

What is the organelle in charge of destroying misfolded proteins?

A

Proteasomes

85
Q

What is the name of the non-sexual reproduction of the cells?

A

Mitosis

86
Q

Name of the sexual reproduction of the cells?

A

Meiosis

87
Q

What is the important component of the cell membrane to resilient?

A

Cholesterol

88
Q

What is the mechanism by which cells acquire substances?

A

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

89
Q

If a cell is swollen because of too much water, how would you describe it?

A

Picnosis

90
Q

If a cell is dehydrated, what is it called?

A

Crenated/Crenation

91
Q

What is the meaning of MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

92
Q

What is the generic name for the ports that allow entry into the cell?

A

IMPs – integral membrane proteins

93
Q

What is the relationship between MHCs and IMPs?

A

None, there is no relation between he two

94
Q

If one IMP is destined to recognize one hormone to be docked?

A

Signal transduction

95
Q

Example of a non-membranous organelle

A

Ribosomes

Proteasomes

96
Q

Which organelles are able to create

A 
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
97
Q

What is the ER attached to?

A

Nucleus

98
Q

What is the role of loose ribosomes?

A

Producing proteins for internal use

99
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A
  • Synthesis lipids and hormones

- Glycolipid, Glycoprotein, Proteoglycan

100
Q

What are the components of the Ribosomes?

A
  • Large and small sub unit

- Made from RNA and protein

101
Q

What does RRNA stand for?

A

Reading Ribonucleic Acid

102
Q

When the Ribosome consumes amino acids to produce proteins, at the end it releases….

A

Polypeptide

103
Q

When a protein bonds to another protein, what is the bond called?

A

Peptideic bond

104
Q

What is the name of the dead end of the golgi apparatus where it gets pinched off?

A

Cisternae

105
Q

What are the 4 nano motors or nano bots?

A

Myosis
Dynein
Kinesin
Tropomyosin

106
Q

What is the name of the digestive system of the cell?

A

Lysosome

107
Q

What is the result of the fusion between one phagosome and one lysosome?

A

Nothing, joins together to create phagolysosome

108
Q

What is the name of non useable substances in cell?

A

Residual body

109
Q

How do proteasomes locate which proteins are good and which are bad?

A

Ubiquitin

110
Q

What kind of an enzymes is used to break down a peptidic bonds?

A

Protases

111
Q

Name on organelle that is rich in proteases.

A

Proteasomes

112
Q

How many antechambers have proteasomes?

A

2

Superior and inferior chamber

113
Q

What kind of organelle is a peroxisome?

A

Lysosome

114
Q

What is the name of the internal convolution?

A

Cristae

115
Q

Which mitochondria are rich?

A

Oxidation reduction enzymes

116
Q

What is the sinequanon factor that mitochondria need for function?

A

Oxygen

117
Q

What is very specific to the mitochondria?

A

They have their own DNA

118
Q

How does the nucleus become aware of the body?

A

Nucleus Pores

119
Q

What covers the nuclear plasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

120
Q

What strands of DNA are loose in the nucleoplasm, what are they called?

A

Chromatin

121
Q

When ready for division, what happens to the chromatin?

A

Turns into Chromosomes for easy division

122
Q

The functions of the nucleus are the functions of what?

A

Functions of DNA

123
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton used for?

A
  • Sensitive organ for the cell
  • Detecting movements and facilitating movements
  • Only sperm cells have movement, flagella
124
Q

What contains cilia?

A
  • Trachea

- Fallopian tubes

125
Q

What is the Organelle that creates the stuff for the cytoskeleton?

A

Centrosome/centrioles

126
Q

Where are the microvilli located?

A
  • Intestines
127
Q

Electrical Synccytium

A
  • Electrical place at once

- Synchronicity

128
Q

Example of cells that contain villi.

A

goblet cells?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial?

129
Q

Why is peroxisome called peroxisome?

A

Peroxisomes break down organic molecules by the process of oxidation to produce hydrogen peroxide.

130
Q

If finger 1 is lateral, what is finger 3?

A

medial

131
Q

Define lipocyte…

A

Fat cells?

132
Q

Leukopenia

A

Means reduced white blood cells. Decreased number of leukocytes.

133
Q

Biliverdin

A

Green bile pigment, and is a product of heme catabolism. Sometimes seen in bruises

134
Q

Word for black

A

Melano is black,

135
Q

Word for yellow

A

Xanth(o)

136
Q

How to say correct position

A

Orthostatic

137
Q

What is the mediastinum in relation to the lateralstinum?

A

Both are medial, just a geographical location

138
Q

What is the name for blue? When someone is blue, what word would you use to describe them?

A

Cyanos

139
Q

Flat mean what?

A

Platho. Ex. Plathelminth (flat parasite, if round would be nemathelminth) Vermiform is a worm, not a parasite

140
Q

Lack of sensation

A

Anaesthesia

141
Q

how to say headache

A

cephalea

142
Q

if one baby is born feet first, how do you call the position?

A

Pordalic?

143
Q

Pedos means?

A

Kid, or child

144
Q

What do you call the analysis of stools/feces?

A

Coprology/coprologist

145
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

When sugars are broken down into energy…

146
Q

What do oxidation enzymes do?

A

To release energy

147
Q

How does catabolism builds things up?

A

It doesn’t, it breaks things down

148
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

In cartilage, tendant, scar

149
Q

Are compact phyliofact different kinds of cartilage?

A

No

150
Q

One example of something made out of elastic fibers (elastin)

A

Ligaments!

151
Q

What kind of epithelium is the skin?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

152
Q

What epithelium covers the blood vessels

A

Simple squamous

153
Q

Goblet cells produce what?

A

Mucus

154
Q

What is the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Columnar cells of differing heights; all cells rest on basement membrance but may not reach the free surface above.

155
Q

what are 3 functions of the epithelium

A

secretion

sensation

156
Q

can epitheliums reproduce?

A

YES! Only 3 things can, bones, liver and the epithliums

157
Q

What is the name of the complex living material around the cells?

A

Mesenchyma

158
Q

What are the germinal layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm (middle)
Ectoderm

159
Q

What is the feedback we owe our lives to?

A

Negative feedback

160
Q

In order to maintain one system to remain homeostatic (senoquanom)

A

Sensor and effector

161
Q

what is the meaning of transverse?

A

Top and bottom

162
Q

What divides the body into front and back?

A

Coronal/frontal

163
Q

What is the definition of lumen?

A

The internal diameter of a body structure (like the diameter of a pipe)

164
Q

What is one foot to the other (relation)

A

Contralateral (different sides)

165
Q

Explain how the stomach can be described as hypogastric.

A

It is not, it is epigastric. Internal reproductive and bladder are found in the hypogastric

166
Q

What is in the right hypochondria region?

A

Liver

167
Q

Where is the left kidney located?

A

The left lumbar

168
Q

Upper and lower extremities belong to the attachments subdivision

A

FALSE,

169
Q

What is attached to the Axial Skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebrae, and ribs

170
Q

what is the cranial and spinal cavity?

A

The dorsal cavity

171
Q

What is in the umbilical area?

A

Only the small intestines

172
Q

What is the biggest structure in your left flank?

A

Descending colon (part of the large intestine)

173
Q

What is the meaning of the word ipsilateral?

A

same side (ex left arm and left leg)

174
Q

list the tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

175
Q

what is lingual?

A
  • Area referred to the tongue
176
Q

What do proteasomes do?

A

Breakdown misfolded proteins

177
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • Filters, humidifies, warms air
  • Participates in gas exchange
  • Participates in speech
  • Allows olfactory

Anatomy/Physiology - Semester 1 (3 decks)

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